Changing business environment of Samsung

Changing business environment of Samsung Introduction: Samsung has grown to one of largest electronics company since 1938. Since 1970s and early 1980s Samsung expanded globally with diversified intention into core technical business. Samsung leads the electronic industry with its high performance and with high growth rate along with stability. 2009 Global Market Share of 13 Percentage of different products available in market. Examples -: Mobile Phones, Monitors, Semiconductor.1970 First Black White (Model P-3202) production started Samsung-Sanyo Electronics.1969 SAMSUNG-Sanyo Electronics established (renamed SAMSUNG Electro-Mechanics in March 1975 and merged with SAMSUNG Electronics in March 1977)1951 SAMSUNG Moolsan established (now SAMSUNG Corporation)1938 SAMSUNG was founded in, Korea (Taegu) Company: Samsung Global Market share is terms of sales is as follows: TV Market Share is 21.9% Laser Printer Share is 13.7% Mobile Phone Share is 16.7% DRAM Share is 30.1% TFT-LCD Panel Share is 25.7% If we compare this performance to other companies Samsung emerges as world leader in at least 3 sectors which are TV, DRAM TFT-LCD. This clearly shows us the dominance of Samsung in market and this is mainly due to its transparent policies, positive approach and honest efforts in being a global leader. This performance data is taken from Samsungs sustainability report for 2009 from Samsung official website. We can clearly see that Samsung as a company is growing locally and globally Korea being its local market. This consistent growth of the company is mainly due to its marketing strategies which are paying off well. More details on Samsungs operations, marketing, product line etc can be found on: The business environment keeps on changing and is unpredictable. So, it is very necessary to understand and react to this changing business so as to survive and grow in the market.Proper knowledge of business environment will make the entrepreneurs and businesses able enough to plan and implement strategies that are needed to identify the scope of improvement, create and exploit opportunities that come on the way, retain stability, gain competitive advantage and prepare appropriately for the upcoming challenges. The way the environment is analyzed and accordingly the strategies implemented, will define the track of the business.Here With the example of samsung. The data collected will be analysed using SWOT. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. SWOT analysis, is a strategic business planning tool used to determine the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats that exists in business. It includes identifying the business objectives as well as the internal and external factors which are likely to favour the business. It may be classified into: Internal factors strengths and weaknesses that are within (internal) organization. External factors opportunities and threats of external environment. The internal factors can be classified into strengths and weaknesses depending upon their effect on organization and business objectives.The factors may include all of the 4Ps; as well as personnel, finance, manufacturing capabilities, and so on. The external factors may include macro-economic factors like technological , legal,and socio-cultural changes, as well as changes in the marketplace or competitive position. According to B Kyle SWOT can be identified as internal and external in relation to environment. Strengths: It usually tells about the positives of the company. How well we are doing in our area of interest. What is our position in front of competitor? Weaknesses: Weakness refers to area of struggle of our company. Why are consumers not happy about particular product? Why are we not meeting sales target for a particular product. Opportunities: It is directly related to external environment. It could be the areas where your competitor is not good at. We should try to utilize strengths in areas of our weaknesses. Are there any emerging trends or possibility to capture market by introducing new product? Threats: It could be financial or development problem. Competitors strength is major threat. Are competitors becoming strong. Description. Strategic business tools: SWOT analysis for Samsung Strengths Strong hold in Consumer Electronics Low margin strategy increases sales Highly skilled labour availability locally globally Good focus on customer service and good marketing strategy Strong management and loyal employees Weaknesses Lack of performance in Laser printer sales Less cost effective in PC consumable products. Lack of brand recognition in mobile phone sector. Poor pricing strategy Lack of usage of infrastructure in some part of world e.g. China Opportunities Can unseat major stake holders in TV and DRAM sectors Increase product range in consumer electronics Can sustain future market using the idea of consumer taste research Rapid growth in competitive markets across the globe Increase in portfolio due to acquisitions of other firms Threats Faces high competition from Sony and Nokia in mobile phone sector. Daily entrants of new technology companies Impact on sales due to recession Lack of innovation in mobile industry threatens its position further down. Intense competition from existing companies in PC sector. The above information which helps in doing the SWOT analysis and other graphical presentation helps to answer our objective questions mostly. Although it might not provide direct answer but clarifies strategies and benefits of organisation doing global and domestic business. It clearly reveals the benefits of proper marketing in terms of sales numbers. PESTEL Analysis: PESTEL analysis is one of the most important tool of business strategic management which helps in identifying the surroundings within which the company operates. It gives a clear idea about the threats, risks and opportunities that occur in the market. It helps in understanding the needs of market, its fluctuations, whether the market is progressing upwards or downwards (i.e. growth decline ratios) and thus makes the businesses able to develop strategies accordingly. PESTEL is used as decision making tools in macro-environment. PESTEL is Classified into: Political factors Economic factors Social factors Technological factors Environmental factors Legal factors Political factors: Its all about intervenes of the government on the economy of the country. Political factors include areas like Tax policy Labour law Environmental law Trade restriction Tariffs Political stability Services and goods provide by the government ( merit goods ) and services which is not provided by the government (demerit goods) Goodwill among foreign nations Economic factors: It includes Interest rates Economic growth Rate of inflation (Inflation rate) Rate of Exchange (Exchange rate) For example: Cost of capital is directly affected by interest rate Exporting goods and supply of goods is affected by exchange rate Inflation raises cost. Social factors: Demand of products and company operations are affected by social factors like Culture of the society Natality rate Growth rate Age distribution Technological factors It includes Research and development activity. Automation Better technology for the production of goods Technological have direct impact on costs, quality which leads to innovation. Environmental factors It includes Weather Climate change Locality (Place) Ecofriendly products (to overcome with problem of global warming)e.g Effect of temperature on farming and tourism. Legal Factors It include Consumer law Employment law Health and safety law Discrimination law e.g. Minimum wages system in U.K is legal factor that affect business. Minimum age for employment is fixed by the government. Conclusions Recommendations We have analysed and gathered data from Samsung Company in relation to our topic global versus domestic marketing a critical analysis. The conclusions drawn using company data alone cannot summarize our findings. However there are similarities in few points. If we look at the organisation section we can see how Samsung has come a long way to be recognised as a global brand. It shows that achieving such position in global market is very hard. Not only achieving but it becomes increasingly important to sustain that growth due to fierce competition. It shows how companies have to adjust or change their policies from time to time keeping in mind rising and falling economy. In general it alerts companies of being more innovative cautious of environmental changes. It also emphasis on limitations one has to face as the behaviour and taste of consumer changes geographically. Recommendations Companies should develop marketing strategies keeping in mind its strengths, weaknesses and availability of resources to be globally successful. Companies should try to develop product which global consumer can identify easily from competitors one. Identify a sector where we can see growth and sustain competition. Companies should appoint special taskforce or focused group people to identify the drawbacks of non performing sector and find solutions to that. To be successful organisations should concentrate mainly on quality and pricing structure. Be in constant touch with customer by means of advertising, press releases and make them aware about product specifications and changes if there are any. Try to use both forms of communication verbal and non verbal. Summary From this report on global marketing versus domestic marketing we understand that main objective of any company doing global marketing is to find opportunities. It mainly expands companys reach to global customers. This mainly depends on how the company analyses its strengths and opportunities, optimum usage of resources and approach towards business. Here in this report we saw how Samsung as a global company has wide range of products and constantly keeps on adding them to sustain market place. SWOT analysis helped us to understand about positives and negatives of the company. Important outcome of the report about marketing can be converted in one slogan think globally and act locally. References Aaker, Jennifer, Susan Fournier and S. Adam Brasel. (2003). When Good Brands Do Bad. Paper presented to the Marketing Science Institute Board of Trustees Meeting in Washington, D.C., March 6, 2003. Baker, Malcolm and Greet Sterenberg. (2002). International Branding: How to Resolve the Global-Local Dilemma. Market Leader (Autumn). Johansson, Johny K. and Ilkka A. Ronkainen. (2003). The Esteem of Global Brands. Unpublished draft paper, McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University. Klein, Naomi (2000). No Logo. St, Martins Press. Levitt, Theodore. (1983). The Globalization of Markets. Harvard Business Review. Quelch, John, Douglas Holt and Earl Taylor. (2003). Managing the Transnational Brand: How Global Perceptions Drive Value. Paper presented at the Harvard Business Schools Globalization of Markets Colloquium (May 28-30, 2003). Upshaw, Lynn and Earl Taylor. (2000). The Masterbrand Mandate. John Wiley Sons. McQuarrie, Edward F, The Market Research Toolbox A concise guide for beginners. Bobette Kyle, How Much For Just the Spider? Strategic Website Marketing For Small Budget Business William D. Perreault, E. Jerome McCarthy Basic Marketing A Global Managerial Approach Tata Mcgraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd 2006. G Armstrong, P Kotler (2003), Marketing An Introduction, Pearson Education Pte. Ltd. Internet reference: http://www.fao.org/docrep/w5973e/w5973e02.htm http://www.cdf.org/issue_journal/samsungs_lessons_in_design.html Sustainability Report [online] from http://www.samsung.com/uk/aboutsamsung/citizenship/oursustainabilityreports.html Accessed 22nd August 2009 http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/08/global-marketing-versus-domestic-marketing-a-critical-evaluation.html http://business.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Global_and_Domestic_Marketing Refrences Sustainability Report [online] from http://www.samsung.com/uk/aboutsamsung/citizenship/oursustainabilityreports.html Accessed 12 March 2010.

Culture Essay

First it would be profitable to try to define culture; for a cultural studies researcher not only it includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture but according to Raymond Williams also everyday meanings and practices. As stated in Matthew Arnold? s â€Å"Culture and Anarchy† culture is â€Å"the disinterested endeavor after man’s perfection†. It was James Clifford in â€Å"Collecting art and culture† that defended that what we gather for culture is not always the same because objects of study vary according to power discourses which define the value of the studied object. This being said, it is commonly known that we live in a time of consumption, so naturally art is seen from that perspective. Theodor Adorno defends culture is being sold as you would with commodities. The autonomy of works of art is eliminated by the culture industry they become bound to be trade as commodities. In a Marxist view, he defends that those who control the means of production, essentially control the culture. Adorno approaches the spheres of mass culture in a simplistic way, production (industry) and reception (consumption) – strip away individuality. Adorno also distinguishes high / low art. He says that high art has been diminished by â€Å"speculation about its efficacy†.. In this sense, high culture would be the art worth of serious academic study while low culture would be the culture of the masses. Walter Benjamin speaks about the way we define art is determined not by ideas but by theories. He reflects on what art is and the way it is being altered by technical means. W. Benjamin starts his essay by quoting Paul Valery: â€Å"our fine arts were developed by men whose power of action upon things was insignificant in comparison with ours† – so it is something questionable. In addition, Valery states that the idea of Beautiful is constantly changing due to the growth in techniques and their precision. Benjamin corroborates this view by pointing out that techniques of representation detach the reproduced object from the domain of tradition and mass movements are responsible for this, especially the film. Although in his essay he states that â€Å"the film operator captures the image at the speed of an actor? s speech†, thus showing us things we have never been able to notice before, like a gesture decomposed in several fractions of a second, it also manipulates masses – its ultimate purpose is profit. The reproduction of works of art and the art of the film have had a huge impact on in its traditional form†, as Benjamin puts it. Who hasn? t experienced this first-hand? Calling forward the example of painting, Benjamin points out that without its reproduction it would not be accessible to so many, we will have to dislocate in order to be able to contemplate the original work . But copies diminish the importance of the work of art. For example a symphony was trivialized â€Å"from an auditory to the drawing room†. This calls to question the authority of the object. Copies of a work of art made it commodity. Without realizing the painter was selling them to earn a living, although his ulterior motive was the artistic side of it. But it became a commodity nonetheless. According to both texts there is no high culture today and little remains in the sense it was first created. W. Benjamin states that high culture always had a cult component and it was bound by it. Statues were made to be contemplated in temples, mosaics in churches. Works of art like statues and mosaics that cannot be mechanical reproduced thus maintained their authenticity – â€Å"they are first and foremost related to cult value†. When a work of art is related to exhibition value it loses its aura because by reproducing the uniqueness of every reality we destroy the aura. According to Benjamin high art would be the works of art that have an aura and can maintain their distance. If such a distance is not kept then true authenticity is questioned. An analysis of contemporary life sheds some light in this question. It brings us closer to every manifestation of art. He also states that contemporary literature is being undervalued. There is a thin dividing line between reader and writer. Virtually any reader can become a writer, once again closeness is implied.

Carl Jung’s Theory: Personality Types and How They Help Therapists Essay

In this essay I aim to describe and evaluate Carl Jung’s theory concerning personality types and show how they might usefully help a therapist to determine therapeutic goals. I will also look at the origins and characteristics of attitudes and functions and show how these can be related to psychological disturbance. Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung was born in 1875 to a reverend who had lost his faith and was the only surviving son; which lent him to a rather solitary childhood which was emotionally deprived. His mother had bouts of mental anguish and illness and spent long periods of time in hospital. He was a lazy scholar and pretended to faint regularly to avoid school work, but after hearing his father voicing concerns he would amount to nothing in life, he stopped this and engaged with his studies. This is relevant in that he used this experience of his own behaviour as an example of how neurotic behaviour can be overcome when subjected to the realities of life. Jung studied medicine at University, then trained as a psychiatrist specialising in schizophrenia. He spent time studying with Freud, with Freud even seeing Jung as his main partisan, but he struggled with Freud’s theory of everything being influenced by sexuality and they split their alliance in 1913. Jung was deeply affected by this split and experienced his own psychological ‘crisis’ resulting in him withdrawing to Zurich for six years, exploring his own unconscious. Patients still visited him however and he became renowned worldwide for his skills as a psychoanalyst. â€Å"During this period, Jung spent considerable time working on his dreams and fantasies and seeking to understand them as far as possible, in terms of his everyday life† (Memories, Dreams, Reflections p. 170, New York Vintage Books), this led to Jung developing his own theories and he travelled far and wide becoming fascinated with how culture affects the psyche (the word he uses for personality). This fascination with culture greatly influenced the theory Jung created. According to Hayes (1994, pg. 233), Jung â€Å"saw libido as being the basic energy of motivation and pleasures but Jung’s concept of libido was a non-sexual life force encompassing religious awe and mystical life affirming experiences as well as sexuality. † Although different to Freud’s interpretation of libido, the influence of Freud when Jung created his theory is evident. This was the beginning of his journey investigating different factors which affect the personality; which he believed were influences of a higher order. Upset by his split with Freud and to help him understand the root cause of their difficulties Jung tried analysing one patient’s case history from the perspectives of Freud and also from Alfred Adler, who saw the origins of neurosis as being due to how one relates to society and in particular, the desire for power. The outcome was that dsepite both methods being incompatible with each other, both were valid and made sense in the understanding of the patient’s pathology. Jung reasoned this was due to the different personalities of Freud and Adler and the way each viewed the world differently, meaning that different personality types make people behave and think in different ways because their individuality influences their attitudes. Jung’s theory is based upon structures within the psyche, the Ego, the Personal Unconscious, the Collective Unconscious and Archetypes. The Ego (different to the one identified by Freud) is the ‘Self’ or the total personality including the conscious and unconscious. This is the part which combines all mental processes, characteristics, contents, positivity and negativity as well as constructive to destructive thinking and behaviour. The ‘Self’ contains conscious thoughts and feelings about our own behaviour and feelings, our memories of past experiences and our inner sense of our identity. Jung claimed that the Self is not always achieved and never occurs until middle age. The Personal Unconscious Jung believed contain our personal experiences which we are unaware of, blocked or repressed because we find them unacceptable, but memories which can be revived through hypnosis or psychoanalysis. The ‘collective unconscious’ is central to Jung’s work, although not invented by him, since for centuries this theory had come to the fore in philosophical, literary and psychological works; however it was Jung who defined it further. Jung’s development of this theory was empirical because he felt that if anyone had his experiences then they would arrive at the same conclusion. Hayes (1994 pg 233) cites that Jung â€Å"accepted Freud’s model of conscious, pre-conscious and unconscious but believed in a further level to the unconscious – the ‘collective unconscious’, Hayes (1994 pg 234) also states, â€Å"The deepest levels of the unconscious, Jung thought, were shaped by all humans and date back to our primeval ancestry† . In simple terms this means that not everything is learned or due to experiences, but that there is a higher order which we have no control over and that certain parts of our unconscious are built in before we are born. In his dealings with schizophrenic patients, Jung observed that many of their fantasies, dreams and hallucinations were similar to one another and also similar to ancient cultures and myths. From this he deduced that these contents were far beyond personal experience and had therefore come from evolutionary development, were shared from ancestors and so were innate. Jung called these similarities across cultures, these ideas of universal themes and symbols ‘Archetypes’. He described many archetypes such as God, Mother, Father, Hero, Child and many more and believed that different archetypes exert their influence on us in different situations. The Persona is one such archetype. Jung described the persona as being the mask or role that we allow others to see, disguising our inner feelings to ensure we behave in a socially acceptable way. We have personas for all our different roles and adapt accordingly, however this sometimes causes internal issues when different personas meet and they are too different to be comfortable, such as the role our persona projects in our work will often be very different to that we project with our friends. The shadow, another archetype, describes the dark side our nature, the sinister within; holding repressed material in our personal unconscious and universal evil images from our collective unconscious. Jung believed that we never really know our shadow since it is too frightening to explore the potential we have to think evil thoughts or do harm. Mattoon (2005 pg 28) states, â€Å"the expression of the shadow is likely when a person is in the grip of anxiety, under the influence of alcohol or otherwise subject to a diminution of consciousness†¦ [sic] we repress our shadows to a degree that we are not aware of their behaviour†¦ [sic] Under these conditions, the shadow is autonomous and may express itself in moods, irritability, physical symptoms, accidents, emotions and behaviours, even cruelty†. You can see therefore that the archetype of the shadow can play a major part in the psychological disturbance a client may be suffering, displaying these kinds of behaviours can be indicators of a darker side of an individual affecting their life and can help the therapist in identifying the repressed content, which in turn can lead them to assess the progression necessary to improve things for the client. Jung’s other two main archetypes are the anima and animus. The anima, the feminine element of the male psyche, contains inherited ideas of what constitutes woman, their experiences of women and incorporates positive and negative qualities usually associated with women, such as emotionality, seductiveness, demanding, vanity and moodiness. The animus, the masculine element within the female psyche, is derived in the same way as the anima but from the opposite perspective; females’ experiences of men. It consists of male qualities such as reason, logic, leadership and social insensitivity. Jung felt that having these archetypes enabled men and women to understand each other better. An issue here would occur when animus types try to live in an anima role which can cause depression, anxiety, hostility or other, again, identifying this would enable the therapist to focus on these archetypes and find how they fit into the psyche of the individual to help determine the therapeutic goal. According to Begg (2001), Jung also invented Synchronicity which is the term he used for the idea of meaningful coincidences. He felt that a synchronistic event was otherworldly, inexplicable and wondrous and was an â€Å"acausal connective principal† meaning links between two apparently unconnected events occur and again, this supported his spiritual beliefs that our psyche is subject to a higher order. He believed these synchronistic events were a result of the archetypal forces guiding us in certain directions which led to the ‘individuation process’ or the wholeness and completeness of personality. Jung considered individuation to be a driving force leading to uniqueness, he wrote (Collected Works – 12 par 330) that â€Å"every life is the realisation of a whole, that is, of a self;†¦. this realisation can also be called individuation†. The process of individuation includes positive and negative elements and can begin with psychic pain such as depression and anxiety, from a therapy perspective this is severe enough to arouse desire for change but will involve facing one’s shadow. Jung’s theory is a complex one and although has underlying Freudian theories to an extent, much of this faded as he explored the psyche over the years. Jung, like Freud, believed that there were clear stages in development; however Jung describes development as having only three main stages. The first being the ‘Pre-sexual’ stage; birth to approximately five years old. This is where he felt the individual is preoccupied with nutrition and growth. According to Carl Jung’s Collected Works – 8, paragraph 668, he stated that, â€Å"there is no demonstrable ego-consciousness in childhood, for which reason the earliest years leave hardly any traces in the memory†. This indicates  that Jung thought that young children live largely in the collective unconscious, it suggests that until around age five, a child lives in a fantasy where they experience an almost archetypal world in terms of the parental image they have and the fact that many children of this age have an imaginary playmate, Jung felt supported this view. The next stage, from five to puberty, the ‘pre-pubertal’ phase, was the real beginning of sexuality. In Carl Jung’s Collected Works – 8, paragraph 756, Jung states, â€Å"Psychic birth occurs at puberty with the conscious differentiation from the parents†¦ [and] the eruption of sexuality. This differs significantly from Freud’s theory, which suggests that we are tied to our sexual urges from birth. Jung acknowledges the stages in a less controversial way and more in keeping with how we view stages of development in the modern day. Things have not really changed as much as we are led to believe. Mattoon (2005) quotes Socrates from the 5th Century â€Å"Our youth now love luxury. They have bad manners, contempt for authority, they show disrespect for their elders and love to chatter in place of exercise. They no longer rise when others enter the room. They contradict their parents, chatter before company, gobble their food and tyrannise their teachers†. This example from history backs up Jung’s theory of the collective unconscious to some extent. It suggests that behaviours of adolescents are not learned at all and that they behave the way they are naturally meant to be; since this has been the way for centuries. Should the behaviours be purely ‘learnt’, then why would adolescent behaviour be so similar all over the world, in other cultures and before technology brought us closer together? The final stage he named ‘maturity’ which he identified as being from puberty to adulthood including old age. Jung describes three stages within ‘maturity’, the first (adolescence and young adulthood), being about learning about a particular society and how to live in it, the second (middle life) focussing on establishing oneself into society through work and personal relationships, in particular marriage and the third (old age) being the time one acquires wisdom. Within this ‘maturity’ stage, the ‘middle-life’ he talks about is what today we would describe as a ‘mid-life crisis’. This has happened in the past at 35-40 years mark; although this is getting later as longevity increases. This is the time Jung felt that concerns arose about youthful objectives having not been met or given up on. Also a time when physical energies subside and there are fewer possibilities for achievements and adventures. Jung suggested that at this stage there is an inward turn of psychic energy and refocusing on relationships, goals and the meaning of life. The second half of ‘maturity’ is old age and it is at this stage we search for meaning and movement towards wholeness. The Personality model within Jung’s theory explains the unconscious as a mirror image of the conscious, meaning that an extravert person would have an introvert unconscious and vice versa, which links back to the anima/animus archetypes. He believed that the personality is complex and many sided, in that we have intuition, emotion, thought, intentionality and so on. Jung felt that the individual should be competent in developing different facets to the personality evenly and in congruence with one another but if this development was uneven, one side developed and others repressed, this would produce neurotic conflict. He decided the solution to this was that the individual needed to get in contact with the collective unconscious which in turn would itself heal the psyche, restoring psychological integrity. To do this would involve psychoanalysis or hypnotherapy. The introvert takes longer to condition to stimulus, however, once conditioned it is long lasting, they pay attention to subjective factors and inner responses, enjoy being alone, have few friends but are incredibly loyal and may be clumsy in social situations. Whereas the extravert is more ready to form new associations between stimulus and response but although this happens quickly, it is not long lasting, they attend to their outer world such as people, events and things and can be seen as quite superficial, these extraverts are disinclined to be alone and seem afraid of their inner world. Jung called Introverts and Extraverts ‘types’ but he meant this relating to attitudes and functions, the dimensions of conscious and unconscious not by way of putting people into ‘boxes’ and he used their preferences as a way of identifying ‘type’. Mattoon (2005 pg 23) describes Jung’s description of the Introversion-extraversion (IE) as being one of the best substantiated dimensions in academic psychology. The IE dimension stood alone but Jung was not convinced it was sufficient and later identified two pairs of functions: sensation – intuition (SU) and thinking-feeling (TF). The sensing function relates to how we experience stimuli through our senses without evaluation, the feeling function evaluates the degree of importance of an object or stimuli and is different to an emotional response, the thinking function uses reason and logic and assigns meaning and the intuition function is how we relate to the world without reason, in the form of hunches. Each of these functions is either dominant or non-dominant and largely excludes the other. Jung saw that any function can be associated with either attitude (introversion/extraversion) and also with either gender. German psychologist Hans Eysenck took on Jung’s theory of extraversion-introversion personality traits but also linked biology of brain function to the equation, suggesting that the brain has two sets of neural mechanisms, excitatory and inhibitory, the former responsible for stimulating brain activity, the latter inhibiting activity of nerve cells. He said balance is required which is regulated by the Ascending Reticular Activating System and it is the arousal produced that links his personality dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism, with neuroticism personality traits including anxiety and worry. He also talks of Second Order Personality where first order traits are grouped and the range from neuroticism to stability is biologically decided. He found that neurotic individuals react readily to stressful stimuli whereas stable individuals took longer to react, with a lesser reaction. Some of Eysenck’s theory is comparable with Jung’s but is more scientifically testable compared to Jung’s studies which were empirically based, however Eysenck examined the introversion-extraversion element with success. Jung’s theory of personality types can be useful to the therapist in that it gives many options to explore; the overlapping functions however can be confusing regarding assessing whether the influences are a result of the shadow, the collective unconscious or the influence of one of the many archetypes. Despite this, Jung’s theory has been influential in modern psychology and much of his resulting work is still used today, such as his word association tests which are used to explore the unconscious. His theory would be useful to a therapist in the quest to uncover underlying factors in the individual of which they are unaware, using the indicators to explore what is behind their issues and giving insight to allow the therapeutic goals to be achieved. Bibliography Begg, DeikeSynchronicity – 2001 Hayes, NickyFoundations of Psychology – 1994 Jung, Carl Collected Works – Volume 8 – The Structure & Dynamics of the Psyche Jung, CarlCollected Works – Volume 12 – Psychology and Alchemy N. York Vintage BooksMemories, Dreams, Reflections Mattoon, Mary AnnJung and The Human Pscyhe.

Teenage Pregnancy and the Media Essay - 1017 Words

Teenage Pregnancy Teenage pregnancy in the media influences young girls that it is okay to have children at a young age. The media glamorizes teen pregnancy and makes ordinary pregnant girls famous for the problem they have created. The different programs on television may show you that the teens struggle, but it also shows you how the girls get attention from everyone. They are being glamorized for something that isn’t good. Also, some young girls don’t always get the attention they want, so they do something dramatic for everyone to notice them or talk about them. Television programs like The Secret Life of the American Teenager, Teen Mom, 16 and Pregnant, and movies like The Pregnancy Pact, and Juno are all programs that glamorize†¦show more content†¦Television shows and movies are showing sex as if it was just another activity to participate in. The shows and movies show no value or the consequences of what can happen. What about sexually transmitted diseases? This gives te ens the wrong idea about sex and also encourages them to participate and have unprotected sex, because the shows and movies don’t show them using contraceptives. Most teens don’t think that it can happen to them. They don’t think that they will end up getting pregnant or get a sexually transmitted disease but it can, and what they see on television influences them. Teens are not capable or realizing what is right and what is wrong. They perceive things the wrong way. In the article called â€Å"Thug Culture is a Cancer Destroying Black America,† by Cynthia Tucker, it explains that rap music about sex, drugs, and alcohol influence teens to do the same things that they listen to in their songs. They are influenced to do bad things and this is a perfect example of how seeing teenage pregnancy in the media can give them the wrong perception. In society today, there are more shows about sex and teen pregnancy than there has been ever before. It shows teens and young adolescents that â€Å"everyone’s doing it† and that they should do it too. They show young girls getting pregnant by their boyfriends and how the teens weren’t informed about using birth control contraceptives. There are many controversies over sexShow MoreRelatedTeenage Pregnancy and the Media Essay1531 Words   |  7 Pagesgreat debate on whether or not mass media has an influence on teenage pregnancy. A study done by the RAND Corporation shows that teens are twice as likely to have sex or engage in sexual acts if they see similar sexual behavior in the media. Many objects in the media that involve sex target teens. Reality TV shows and teen dramas often portray the cool kids as the ones who are having sex (Chandra).Today’s teens are highly influenced by what they see in the media and this can change their behaviorRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pageseconomic growth. 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According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, â€Å"roughly one in four teens girls in the U.S. will getRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy : More And More Teenagers Are Becoming Pregnant Nowadays?1487 Words   |  6 PagesAnnamarie Harrell English II Honors Ms. Vandeusen April 13, 2013 Teenage Pregnancy More and more teenagers are becoming pregnant nowadays. Could it be because of the multiple television shows they could be watching about Teenage Pregnancy glamorizing the idea? Is the media suggesting to young adults that it is okay to be pregnant at a young age? Throughout the years, teenage pregnancy rates have increased due to the influence of mass media and the peer pressure teenagers are faced with every day; howeverRead More Views on Teens Pregnancies Through the Years Essay844 Words   |  4 PagesThe Views on Teens Pregnancies Through the Years There are many different attributes to teenage pregnancy. The majority of teenagers do not realize the consequences of their actions. Taking that into consideration the influences of the teens are highly important during the pre teen stage all the way to adult hood. During the time of this impressionable stage many of the teens are having sex not because of love, but because it is a trend. The media is glamorizing teen pregnancy and leading to a culturalRead MoreSolving Teenage Pregnancy Is Help Find Shelters907 Words   |  4 PagesOne solution to help solve teenage pregnancy is help find shelters which provide education for those who are in low-income environments or are in the foster care system which would reduce the rate of teens under the age of 19 from becoming pregnant. These shelters could provide help in finding work to help cover the cost of medical needs and other expenses. The shelters could find doctors who are willing to work with teenagers with lower-incomes or provi de lower cost for treatment for teenagers inRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Teen Pregnancy1085 Words   |  5 Pagesthat raises concerns on sexual behavior. There are ways to reduce the bad impact media can provide for young viewers. We can increase the benefits media can provide to help prevent teen pregnancy. There are ways to approach your child in the correct way so that they actually listen to the message you’re providing them with. Media doesn’t just talk about pregnancy and shows the glamourous side of being a teen mom. Media also has websites that explain ways to stay abstinent for instants Stayteen.orgRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pages Teen Pregnancy Meshia Williams Just because teenage pregnancy has decreased does not mean the problem is solved. Nearly all teenage pregnancies are unplanned. Teen mothers are nearly twice as likely to forgo prenatal care in the first trimester. This sets up complications along with health problems, costs, responsible fatherhood, education, and risky behavior. Babies are having babies before they’re even fully developed themselves; the environment, and media along with other things are all factorsRead MoreArgumentative Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pagesand Pregnant Promote or Discourage Teenage Pregnancy? Teenage pregnancy has become a major issue in today’s society for our adolescents. This is a major problem for all who are involved. It creates hurt and a struggle for on the parents, especially for the mother (Gonchar and Schulten). Also for the parent(s) of the teenager this creates struggles for them because more often than not, they end up with the load of caring and looking after the child while the teenage parents are at school or out doingRead MoreSince The Rate Of Unwanted Teenage Pregnancies Has Been1676 Words   |  7 PagesSince the rate of unwanted teenage pregnancies has been steadily decreasing over the past forty years (Patten, 2016), many young women will not be faced with the difficult challenges and life-altering decisions that a pregnant teen is presented with. However, of those teenage women who do face the burden of an unforeseen pregnancy, many come to realize how simple preventative measures could have saved them from having to deal with the social, fin ancial, and psychological difficulties caused by an

Is Euthanasia Morally Justified Essay - 1237 Words

Philosophy Paper: Is Euthanasia Morally Justified? Euthanasia is defined in the dictionary as the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. It s a practice that is illegal in many countries and only legal in a handful of states here in America. As a future physician, I do believe that assisted suicide is moral if that is what the patient wishes. In this paper I aim to prove that denying someone their right to take back control of their life after being handed a debilitating illness, is the actual injustice. Assisted suicide, which usually takes place after a doctor writes a prescription for a lethal barbiturate for the patient to take at a time and place of their choosing, has been called outright murder by those who find it unethical. Thomas Aquinas an extremely influential philosopher, may not have had to deal with euthanasia directly, but it s believed that he would be extremely against it. He essentially believed in killing another if it was for the greater good, a nd as a deeply religious man perhaps he thought that by denying the sick their suffering it would keep them from God s redemptive grace. I whole-heartedly disagree with Aquinas philosophy. When someone is critically ill their symptoms have reached a degree that they find impossible to live with. Who are we to deny someone the choice to rid themselves of a terminal illness? For example, someone with cancer might have to go throughShow MoreRelatedActive Euthanasia Is Never Morally Justified1545 Words   |  7 Pages Analysis on The Argument That Active Euthanasia is Never Morally Justified Death has always been a controversial topic throughout the world. There are many theories as to where we go and what the meaning of life truly is. How one dies is important in today’s society, especially when it comes to the idea of suicide. Active euthanasia, also referred to as assisted suicide, is the intentional act of causing the death of a patient experiencing great suffering. It is illegal in some places, like FranceRead MoreCan Euthanasia Be Justified Morally? Essay1058 Words   |  5 Pages(Macintyre 1996: 57-157). The universally agreed meaning of morality might never be achieved but we can all consent to the good being apparent in all that is presumed to be moral. Euthanasia is the medical process of ending the life of a terminally ill insofar as to relieve their suffering. The medical utilization of euthanasia is an issue that has been overly discussed and debated, yet the general consensus of the goodness in its practice remains elusive. Arguments such as the def y of the will of GodRead MoreEuthanasia Is Morally Permissible?850 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia, as defined by many philosophers, should only be morally permissible in certain circumstances where it benefits the one who dies. It is a widely held belief that an act of euthanasia aims at benefiting the one who dies. Using Kantian ethics as a model, one can determine that: It is morally permissible to engage in voluntary acts of euthanasia; it is morally permissible to engage in acts of nonvoluntary euthanasia, and; it is never morally permissible to engage in acts of involuntary euthanasiaRead MoreEuthanasi It s Worst1034 Words   |  5 Pages Euthanasia At It’s Worst Euthanasia should not be an option for patients to end their lives because euthanasia is not morally justified, and corrupts, while contradicting the point of medicine. Euthanasia also should not be used because euthanasia itself puts to much focus on suicidal drugs and not enough on finding better treatment plans for patients. In January 1991, a Gallup Poll was taken of the broad acceptance of assisted suicide in which 58% of people agreed that a person has the â€Å"moralRead MoreThe Moral Permissibility of Legalizing Active Euthanasia Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesPermissibility of Legalizing Active Euthanasia To date, in the united States of America, active euthanasia has been seen as unacceptable in legal terms. However, the issue is not so clear in moral terms among the public, and especially among the medical community. In fact, nearly half of the doctors in the United States say that they would prescribe active euthanasia under certain circumstances. The law that prohibits active euthanasia restricts many people fromRead MoreDying with Dignity960 Words   |  4 Pagesto the person. People who have this illness resort to an alternative called euthanasia. Euthanasia is when someone a physician or a family members assist the terminal ill to die by injecting such person with a drug or plugging out the chord that keeps the person alive. While supporters of this technique claim that euthanasia is humane and helpful, other people argue that euthanasia is morally wrong, and inhumane. Euthanasia should be legalize in the United States because it gives an alternative forRead MoreThe Case Of Evan Motts Assisting His Wife s Euthanasia Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesI am going to discuss in this essay the case of Evan Motts assisting his wife s euthanasia. I will cover the ethical issues regarding this topic including whether or not Evan should be punished. I will look at the theories of Kantian Ethics and Utilitarianism to justify whether or not Evan s actions were morally right. An Auckland man is facing a charge that carries a maximum penalty of 14 years after assisting his terminally ill wife to commit suicide. Evan Mott researched suicide methods andRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide1298 Words   |  6 Pageslineage than voluntary euthanasia, and physician assisted suicide. For most of that time, due to the mediation through religious authorities and law, the treatment of suicide has been largely negative. Older traditions of folklore and philosophy exhibit an attitude of abhorrence and arguments that show any form of suicide as being inherently wrong. Brian Stofell argues how this notion is wrong and how suicide can be morally right in some cases such as voluntary euthanasia and physician assisted suicideRead MoreIs Euthanasia Morally Justifiable?1657 Words   |  7 PagesThe term euthanasia is used differently by most people. Personally, I use it to include all forms of assisted suicide. The question for most people is whether euthanas ia can be morally justified. Many people consider this practice to be against all ethics. This is despite whether compassion was the motive or otherwise. There are many dynamics that are involved when a person requires it to alleviate extreme pain or a condition that is considered to be torture towards the person experiencing it. ThereRead MoreEuthanasia: Kantianism vs Utilitarianism1599 Words   |  7 Pagesas euthanasia. At present, euthanasia is one of the most controversial social-ethical issues that we face, in that it deals with a sensitive subject matter where there is much uncertainty as to what position one ought to take. Deliberately killing another person is presumed by most rational people as a fundamental evil act. However, when that person gives his or her consent to do so, this seems to give rise to an exceptional case. This can be illustrated in the most common case of euthanasia, where

Essay on Historical Macbeth Compared To Shakespeares Macbeth

Although most of Shakespeares play quot; Mac Beth quot; is not historically accurate, MacBeths life is the subject of the tragedy. There are characters and events that are based on true events and real persons but, Shakespeares quot;MacBeth quot; differs significantly from historys MacBeth. The first example of a difference between the Shakespeare quot;MacBethquot; and historical Mac Beth is the death of Duncan I. In Shakespeares quot; Mac Beth quot;, Duncan I was murdered by MacBeth. A prophecy said to Mac Beth by one of the three witches quot;All hail, MacBeth, that shalt be King hereafter1 .quot; was what prompted Gruoch, MacBeths wife to plot the murder of Duncan I as he slept in their castle. In history, Mac Beth†¦show more content†¦In actual history Mac Beth is killed by Malcom III but Lulach, MacBeths stepson, becomes the king after the noblemen of Moray fight for his succession. Lulach reigned for seven months and was then dethroned by Malcom III of Caenmore.MacBeth is presented in the play as clumsy and unorganised. In reality though, he was one of the best kings that Scotland ever had. quot; During his reign, he went on a pilgrimage to Rome for several months4.quot; His kingdom was in well enough order and he was in high enough regard with his nobleman that he could leave for a long period of time. Another way you could tell that Mac Beth was a good king because, quot; He organized troops of men to patrol the wilder countryside and enforce some type of law and order5.quot; As far as historians know, this was the first type of law and order in Scotland before 1100. Shakespeare had financial and political motivation to change some of the historical facts.In order for him to receive payment for his writing it was necessary for him to impress King James I. Shakespeare also changed the name of his acting company to the quot; Kings men,quot; because he wanted to establish himself as a better writer. He could do this byShow MoreRelatedCharacterization Of Macbeth1276 Words   |  6 Pages But with this answer comes another question: why would Shakespeare name the main character Macbeth when his monarchs were Elizabeth I and James I? What message was he trying to send by using the name of Macbeth, the king of Scotland in 1040? In Jonathan Goldberg’s essay â€Å"Speculations: Macbeth and source† in Jean E Howard’s anthology on Shakespeare, Goldberg explains how the King Duncan in the play is a reflection of th e real life Duncan I from Scotland in the 1030s when Scotland was going throughRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1220 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth I have been given the task and privilege of directing the film Macbeth, (Macbeth) and the essay will examine many aspects of the play including the main characters, personalities, themes as well as the important incidents in the film and the historical background. I have chosen Lady Macbeth as the main character for discussion. The 2010 film, saw Macbeth as Stalin and the weird sisters or witches were portrayed as nurses and then cooks. It was filmed in an abbey which retained some of theRead MoreShakespeare s Macbeth - Macbeth2496 Words   |  10 Pages Macbeth Fact or Fiction Christopher Goncalves Sr. Marlene Mucha, S. J. J. British Literature February 10, 2016 Macbeth Fact or Fiction Thesis: In the play Macbeth, Shakespeare did not ?accurately portray Macbeth according to the historical background in the age of Jacobean times. I. Shakespeare A. Background II. Text of Macbeth III. Historical Inaccuracies A. Macbeth B. Lady Macbeth Read MoreWoven Messages Of Shakespeare s Macbeth1460 Words   |  6 PagesWoven Messages in Shakespeare s Macbeth Megan Ball 16 June 2015 Double, double toil and trouble; fire burn ad cauldron bubble. (Macbeth, 4.1.10)King James I s obsession with witches and the supernatural sparked Shakespeare’s creation of his most famous tragedy Macbeth. Macbeth illustrates the story of the General, who ruthlessly murders the King in order to gain power which he did not deserve. Along with being an entertaining piece of literature, it also serves as a successful piece of politicalRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth - The Natural And Supernatural World1313 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature 12/3/15 To be or not to be? That is the Question of Macbeth The idea that not everything is quite what it seems is not a new one, and has been explored even long before the time of William Shakespeare; however, the playwright whose name has remained the talk of dinner tables worldwide, did an exceptional job of weighing the plurality of the different forms of the natural world. In the Scottish play, Macbeth, Shakespeare both entertains his audience, and poses questions as to what isRead MoreMacbeth As A Binary Of Good Vs Evil1956 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare’s Macbeth is one of the playwright’s masterpieces, and has been a favorite of performers for four hundred years. Today, Macbeth is viewed as a binary of good versus evil. Macbeth is an overly ambitious man who usurps the throne through treachery and eventually loses everything to his ambition. Although Shakespeare’s original notes on the play are lost or nonexistent, thanks to the First Folio Macbeth survives today. Based on the editors’ interpretations o f the varies editions of the FirstRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Life And Life3055 Words   |  13 PagesPaper March 23, 2016 William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon to John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. Shakespeare was assumedly educated at the King?s New School in Stratford with an ?emphasis on the Latin classics, including memorization, writing, and acting classic Latin plays,? writes an article entitled Shakespeare?s Life, found on Foldger Shakespeare Library. He most likely attended until around age fifteen. In late 1582, Shakespeare at age 18 married Anne HathawayRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Life And Life3795 Words   |  16 PagesPaper March 23, 2016 William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon to John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. Shakespeare was assumedly educated at the King?s New School in Stratford with an ?emphasis on the Latin classics, including memorization, writing, and acting classic Latin plays,? writes an article entitled Shakespeare?s Life, found on Foldger Shakespeare Library. He most likely attended until around age fifteen. In late 1582, Shakespeare at age 18 married Anne HathawayRead MoreMacbeth9435 Words   |  38 Pages------------------------------------------------- Macbeth From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about Shakespeare s play. For other uses, see  Macbeth (disambiguation). A poster for a  c.  1884 American production ofMacbeth, starring Thomas W. Keene. Depicted, counter clockwise from top-left, are: Macbeth and Banquo meet the  witches; just after the murder ofDuncan; Banquo s ghost; Macbeth duels Macduff; and Macbeth. Macbeth  is a play written by  William Shakespeare. It is considered one of his darkestRead MoreSad, Bad, or Mad? Do You Consider Macbeth to Be a Tragic Hero, Evil, or Bewitched?4698 Words   |  19 Pagesnoble and good, but is imperfect, so that the audience can see themselves in him. They are doomed from the start. In Macbeth’s case the witches are first on stage, and are planning to meet with Macbeth in the very beginning. FIRST WITCH When shall we meet again? †¦ THIRD WITCH There to meet with Macbeth. This shows that the witches are already plotting Macbeth’s fate. A tragic hero must make a wrong decision himself or has a character flaw (ambitious, greedy†¦) which leads them down a path of

Corporate Finance for Employees Benefit- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Financefor Prospects and Employees Benefit. Answer: Introduction This report focuses on superannuation contribution choices and its importance for tertiary sector employees. The study also describes on the elements that affects the choices of superannuation contribution in tertiary sector employees regarding investment choice plan and defined benefits plan. Superannuation contribution established by Business Corporation as promoting employees welfares for retired employees as an organisational pension program (Power, T. 2011). This contribution is made by the employers and no tax is imposed in this deposit prepared for the employees after their retirement or at the time of withdrawal. In order to encourage employees for future investments and saving their money for better prospects, employees benefit plans are being planned to be added in superannuation schemes. For this purpose, several countries are making efforts to integrate superannuation pension schemes to contribute minimum towards employees benefit plan as a compulsory measure (Moles, et al., 2011). This report is consolidates the benefits associated with the defined benefit plan and investment choice plan for employees plus its factors that decides the best choice among them. In addition to this, the study also illustrates time value of money aspects in terms of superannuation contribution choices in investment choice plan and defined benefits. In the end, functioning of efficient-market hypothesis is being explored while selection of a portfolio for pension funds manager. Superannuation contribution choices for tertiary sector employees as defined benefits or investment choice plan and elements affecting the choice consideration Tertiary sector is referred to the third type of industry sector that is related to the commercial services example service sectors like transport, warehousing, teaching, insurance, health care and advertising in production and distribution processes (Smith, 2012). Superannuation scheme are organised by a company as a pension plan where employer contributes some amount equals to definite percentage of salary of the employee as a benefit after retirement for their long-term services. There is no tax is implicated until the deposited money is being withdrawn or employee is retired. It is a very significant provision for the employees who work in service sector for their life and after retirement they do not save enough to live rest of their life with convenience (Smith, 2012). In addition to this, superannuation fund assists them in making savings after their retirement with a benefit of free of tax implications. It can also been noted that even after withdrawal and investment they have to pay very less tax in comparison to full tax at the time of employment (Dixon, 2012). Furthermore, earning after investing the huge sum of superannuation fund lower tax rate is being implemented during retirement. This amount can also be used as a prime source of survival for employees after their retirements along with this it has also been acknowledged that this fund is protected from bankruptcy (Pettit, 2011). There are many financial planners in every country to help out with their professionalism and expert they are able to advice on best investment options or utilisation of money according to the employees desire (Dixon, 2012). Superannuation amount grows in value till the retirement of the employees or withdrawal is made. In the service sector, minimum amount obligatory for the initial contribution is 3% of the monthly salary of an employee and 9% in some cases (McKeown, 2012). It is manly supported by the government to encourage employees welfare as retirement benefit scheme. This contribution is made by both employees as well as employer at the same percentage but only contribution made by the employer is said to be a superannuation fund (McKeown, 2012). The social security after retirement and burden related to saving in the employment period for future life is being shared with the help of superannuation contribution. In earlier times, there was no choice were available for the superannuation fund like accumulated benefits or alternative investment strategies. With the help of Australian government and initiative towards employment welfare to encourage employees for investment and saving new schemes are being launched as benefit of retirement plan (Power, 2012). However, the concept and factors that affect the choice of benefits plan that is accumulated or alternative investment plan are being described as below: Defined and accumulated benefit plan are associated with the pre defined specified amount of fund as a pension fund which is given by the employer after the completion of service tenure of an employee (Henderson, 2012). The calculation of this defined or pre specified amount is done with the help of age, tenure of the service and salary of the employee throughout the employment period considering all the basic pay increments. Hence, the amount which can be computed with the help of above factors and offered to the employee the entire amount at a time is known as defined benefit plan. Moreover, this amount of superannuation can be allocated in many assets which are being controlled by the UniSuper Ltd trustees (Power, 2012). The advantage in opting out the accumulated benefit plan is less risk involved without any impact of fluctuating performance of portfolio assets and thus final payment is secured and safe for future prospects. On the other hand, as a disadvantage there will be no interest or extra gain can be attained more than minimum payout of defined benefit plan. In case of implementation of alternative investment strategies employee has several choices best for the investment purpose and requirement of an individual (Henderson, 2012). It gives opportunity to employees to choose the type of assets of portfolio in which the investment should be made along with this experts advice like financial planners are also there to help an employee for the same purpose. Some of the choice plan in investments entails secure fund, stable fund, share funds and choice of trustees (McKeown, 2012). When a secured cash and fixed interest is generated with securities are called as secure funds. Likewise, gain of interest and fund through investment in national and international shares as well bonds are known as stable funds. Share funds are investment made in the share of domestic and overseas company entirely (Henderson, 2012). Lastly, investment in infrastructure, property and private assets, national and international shares consists in choice of trustees. These strategies are subjected to the factors of risks and returns with each of the investment choices. These characteristics are considered while selecting the investment strategies. Besides that the investment options have no fixed amount or formula to determine the final payments. Thus all the factors should be considered while choosing option of investment strategy (Iverson, 2013). In general, investment strategy choice is best for the employees who are already familiar with the risks and comprehension of investment, whereas defined benefit plan is for employees who have limited awareness in this field. At the time of taking decision the main factor that affects the decision of the employee and finance manger is the determination and acknowledgement relating to the time value of money (Iverson, 2013). In case of defined benefit plan, time value of money facilitates the present and future value of money the relation between them and the final amount with the expect value at their retirement time. The lump sum amount with the future value of money is being calculated by compounding the present value of money and fixed formula associated with it. In other words, before deciding the investment option estimation of future amount received should be very important. Similarly, in case of investment choice plan as well the assets of portfolio in which the employee decides to invest can be identified with reference to the future value. In that process the assets and future events that affect the value of assets are taken into consideration for future value of money calculation (Carlon, et al. , 2012). Along with this, the risk and return factors are also considered with the future amount calculated in deciding the opportunities present at that time. Therefore, in the end it can be determined there are so many factors like risk involved in the investment, returns that are calculated on the basis of formula or with the characteristics of nature of investment plus the future value of money which is estimated with the help of compounding of present value of money. Moreover, the knowledge of investor or employee regarding the investment portfolios and awareness of risk taking and return expectation is very necessary to decide the opportunity of investment or defined benefit plan (Carlon, et al., 2012). These factors set parameters on how much an expert, or with a little knowledge can decide in the option available for superannuation fund for their future life. The experts and financial planners calculate and acknowledge about these factor in advance and with the appropriate approach and convenience of the employees is prime factor in opting out the apt strategy. If the efficient-market hypothesis is true, the pension fund manager might as well select a portfolio with a pin Explanation and why this is not the case The effective-market hypothesis analyses entire information associated with the assets of investment and provides correct information to the investors (Brealey, 2007). It is regarding minimisation of the risk related to the market and providing all the future and present information related to the investing assets. The use of this hypothesis and analysis of the share determines the future value of the assets appropriately that identifies the option in front of investors in which the future aspects of investments are good and best. However, the effective market hypothesis is a controversial and debated topic because market is associated with factors of risk and returns and if investors are provided all the information regarding the assets correctly and future aspects related to assets, it will be very easy for any individual to invest their money in the same asset. Along with this, the higher return from the possible other assets will be not been identified or realised by the market a ssets (Brealey, 2007). Risks pertaining to market will be knocked down, if the prices and all the information of the assets will be openly provided in the market. The pension fund manager is responsible for the higher return and selecting minimum risk assets for the pension holders and bestows them with maximum amount of superannuation fund after retirement. Thus, selecting a good performing asset and creating portfolio substantially with higher returns and minimum risk is a duty of pension fund manager. In case, if the financial economic theory of efficient-market hypothesis is true then, the pension fund manger have solely one choice to select portfolio of asset which gives the maximum rate of return. In addition to this, the work of pension fund manager will become easy and convenient but in that case employee will have only same type of asset as an option of invest and same expected returns will be gained (Brealey, et al. 2012). If this theory is true, then different approaches to find the appropriate assets for the investment and expected amount calculation formulas are not being used by the pension fund manager. Investment will be fixed as other option and gains also provide the same return information. However, if it is not true then pension fund manager is to select different assets based on the finest portfolio that generates higher return and minimum risks are involved. Furthermore, the different assets with no co-relation is also a challenge for pension fund manager as one non performing asset can not hamper the overall return of pension fund (Brealey, et al. 2012). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be illustrated that for employees in the tertiary sector superannuation fund and opportunities related to the investment choices and defined benefit plan aspect is a very essential topic in providing employee welfare after retirement. It can be determined that there are various factors such as risk, return, nature if investment and knowledge of investors that influences the choice superannuation scheme. Along with this, the future value of time by compounding the present value of money is also an imperative aspect in comparing the choices and strategies of superannuation scheme. The efficient market hypothesis is the sharing all the information relating to the assets and price of the assets in future as well. Its application will ease the pension fund manger task whereas its absence will challenge the task by exploring diversified assets as option of investment for maximum benefits provided to employees. References Brealey, R. A. 2007. Principles Of Corpte Fin (Cd). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Brealey, R. A., et al. 2012. Principles of Corporate Finance. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Carlon, S., et al. 2012. Accounting, Google eBook: Building Business Skills. 4th ed. John Wiley Sons. Dixon, D. 2012. Securing Your Superannuation Future: How to Start and Run a Self Managed Super Fund. John Wiley Sons. Henderson, S. 2012. SMSF DIY Guide: Everything you need to successfully set up and run your own Self Managed Superannuation Fund. John Wiley Sons. Iverson, D. 2013. Strategic Risk Management: A Practical Guide to Portfolio Risk Management. John Wiley Sons. McKeown, W. 2012. Financial Planning. John Wiley Sons. Moles, P., et al. 2011. Corporate Finance. John Wiley Sons. Pettit, J. 2011. Strategic Corporate Finance: Applications in Valuation and Capital Structure. John Wiley Sons. Power, T. 2011. Super Freedom: Create a Worry-Free Financial Future in 6 Steps. John Wiley Sons. Power, T. 2012. Superannuation for Dummies. 2nd ed. John Wiley Sons. Smith, B. 2012. Self Managed Superannuation Fund Handbook: A Practical Guide to Starting and Managing Your Own Fund. John Wiley Sons.