Is Euthanasia Morally Justified Essay - 1237 Words

Philosophy Paper: Is Euthanasia Morally Justified? Euthanasia is defined in the dictionary as the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. It s a practice that is illegal in many countries and only legal in a handful of states here in America. As a future physician, I do believe that assisted suicide is moral if that is what the patient wishes. In this paper I aim to prove that denying someone their right to take back control of their life after being handed a debilitating illness, is the actual injustice. Assisted suicide, which usually takes place after a doctor writes a prescription for a lethal barbiturate for the patient to take at a time and place of their choosing, has been called outright murder by those who find it unethical. Thomas Aquinas an extremely influential philosopher, may not have had to deal with euthanasia directly, but it s believed that he would be extremely against it. He essentially believed in killing another if it was for the greater good, a nd as a deeply religious man perhaps he thought that by denying the sick their suffering it would keep them from God s redemptive grace. I whole-heartedly disagree with Aquinas philosophy. When someone is critically ill their symptoms have reached a degree that they find impossible to live with. Who are we to deny someone the choice to rid themselves of a terminal illness? For example, someone with cancer might have to go throughShow MoreRelatedActive Euthanasia Is Never Morally Justified1545 Words   |  7 Pages Analysis on The Argument That Active Euthanasia is Never Morally Justified Death has always been a controversial topic throughout the world. There are many theories as to where we go and what the meaning of life truly is. How one dies is important in today’s society, especially when it comes to the idea of suicide. Active euthanasia, also referred to as assisted suicide, is the intentional act of causing the death of a patient experiencing great suffering. It is illegal in some places, like FranceRead MoreCan Euthanasia Be Justified Morally? Essay1058 Words   |  5 Pages(Macintyre 1996: 57-157). The universally agreed meaning of morality might never be achieved but we can all consent to the good being apparent in all that is presumed to be moral. Euthanasia is the medical process of ending the life of a terminally ill insofar as to relieve their suffering. The medical utilization of euthanasia is an issue that has been overly discussed and debated, yet the general consensus of the goodness in its practice remains elusive. Arguments such as the def y of the will of GodRead MoreEuthanasia Is Morally Permissible?850 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia, as defined by many philosophers, should only be morally permissible in certain circumstances where it benefits the one who dies. It is a widely held belief that an act of euthanasia aims at benefiting the one who dies. Using Kantian ethics as a model, one can determine that: It is morally permissible to engage in voluntary acts of euthanasia; it is morally permissible to engage in acts of nonvoluntary euthanasia, and; it is never morally permissible to engage in acts of involuntary euthanasiaRead MoreEuthanasi It s Worst1034 Words   |  5 Pages Euthanasia At It’s Worst Euthanasia should not be an option for patients to end their lives because euthanasia is not morally justified, and corrupts, while contradicting the point of medicine. Euthanasia also should not be used because euthanasia itself puts to much focus on suicidal drugs and not enough on finding better treatment plans for patients. In January 1991, a Gallup Poll was taken of the broad acceptance of assisted suicide in which 58% of people agreed that a person has the â€Å"moralRead MoreThe Moral Permissibility of Legalizing Active Euthanasia Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesPermissibility of Legalizing Active Euthanasia To date, in the united States of America, active euthanasia has been seen as unacceptable in legal terms. However, the issue is not so clear in moral terms among the public, and especially among the medical community. In fact, nearly half of the doctors in the United States say that they would prescribe active euthanasia under certain circumstances. The law that prohibits active euthanasia restricts many people fromRead MoreDying with Dignity960 Words   |  4 Pagesto the person. People who have this illness resort to an alternative called euthanasia. Euthanasia is when someone a physician or a family members assist the terminal ill to die by injecting such person with a drug or plugging out the chord that keeps the person alive. While supporters of this technique claim that euthanasia is humane and helpful, other people argue that euthanasia is morally wrong, and inhumane. Euthanasia should be legalize in the United States because it gives an alternative forRead MoreThe Case Of Evan Motts Assisting His Wife s Euthanasia Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesI am going to discuss in this essay the case of Evan Motts assisting his wife s euthanasia. I will cover the ethical issues regarding this topic including whether or not Evan should be punished. I will look at the theories of Kantian Ethics and Utilitarianism to justify whether or not Evan s actions were morally right. An Auckland man is facing a charge that carries a maximum penalty of 14 years after assisting his terminally ill wife to commit suicide. Evan Mott researched suicide methods andRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide1298 Words   |  6 Pageslineage than voluntary euthanasia, and physician assisted suicide. For most of that time, due to the mediation through religious authorities and law, the treatment of suicide has been largely negative. Older traditions of folklore and philosophy exhibit an attitude of abhorrence and arguments that show any form of suicide as being inherently wrong. Brian Stofell argues how this notion is wrong and how suicide can be morally right in some cases such as voluntary euthanasia and physician assisted suicideRead MoreIs Euthanasia Morally Justifiable?1657 Words   |  7 PagesThe term euthanasia is used differently by most people. Personally, I use it to include all forms of assisted suicide. The question for most people is whether euthanas ia can be morally justified. Many people consider this practice to be against all ethics. This is despite whether compassion was the motive or otherwise. There are many dynamics that are involved when a person requires it to alleviate extreme pain or a condition that is considered to be torture towards the person experiencing it. ThereRead MoreEuthanasia: Kantianism vs Utilitarianism1599 Words   |  7 Pagesas euthanasia. At present, euthanasia is one of the most controversial social-ethical issues that we face, in that it deals with a sensitive subject matter where there is much uncertainty as to what position one ought to take. Deliberately killing another person is presumed by most rational people as a fundamental evil act. However, when that person gives his or her consent to do so, this seems to give rise to an exceptional case. This can be illustrated in the most common case of euthanasia, where

Essay on Historical Macbeth Compared To Shakespeares Macbeth

Although most of Shakespeares play quot; Mac Beth quot; is not historically accurate, MacBeths life is the subject of the tragedy. There are characters and events that are based on true events and real persons but, Shakespeares quot;MacBeth quot; differs significantly from historys MacBeth. The first example of a difference between the Shakespeare quot;MacBethquot; and historical Mac Beth is the death of Duncan I. In Shakespeares quot; Mac Beth quot;, Duncan I was murdered by MacBeth. A prophecy said to Mac Beth by one of the three witches quot;All hail, MacBeth, that shalt be King hereafter1 .quot; was what prompted Gruoch, MacBeths wife to plot the murder of Duncan I as he slept in their castle. In history, Mac Beth†¦show more content†¦In actual history Mac Beth is killed by Malcom III but Lulach, MacBeths stepson, becomes the king after the noblemen of Moray fight for his succession. Lulach reigned for seven months and was then dethroned by Malcom III of Caenmore.MacBeth is presented in the play as clumsy and unorganised. In reality though, he was one of the best kings that Scotland ever had. quot; During his reign, he went on a pilgrimage to Rome for several months4.quot; His kingdom was in well enough order and he was in high enough regard with his nobleman that he could leave for a long period of time. Another way you could tell that Mac Beth was a good king because, quot; He organized troops of men to patrol the wilder countryside and enforce some type of law and order5.quot; As far as historians know, this was the first type of law and order in Scotland before 1100. Shakespeare had financial and political motivation to change some of the historical facts.In order for him to receive payment for his writing it was necessary for him to impress King James I. Shakespeare also changed the name of his acting company to the quot; Kings men,quot; because he wanted to establish himself as a better writer. He could do this byShow MoreRelatedCharacterization Of Macbeth1276 Words   |  6 Pages But with this answer comes another question: why would Shakespeare name the main character Macbeth when his monarchs were Elizabeth I and James I? What message was he trying to send by using the name of Macbeth, the king of Scotland in 1040? In Jonathan Goldberg’s essay â€Å"Speculations: Macbeth and source† in Jean E Howard’s anthology on Shakespeare, Goldberg explains how the King Duncan in the play is a reflection of th e real life Duncan I from Scotland in the 1030s when Scotland was going throughRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1220 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth I have been given the task and privilege of directing the film Macbeth, (Macbeth) and the essay will examine many aspects of the play including the main characters, personalities, themes as well as the important incidents in the film and the historical background. I have chosen Lady Macbeth as the main character for discussion. The 2010 film, saw Macbeth as Stalin and the weird sisters or witches were portrayed as nurses and then cooks. It was filmed in an abbey which retained some of theRead MoreShakespeare s Macbeth - Macbeth2496 Words   |  10 Pages Macbeth Fact or Fiction Christopher Goncalves Sr. Marlene Mucha, S. J. J. British Literature February 10, 2016 Macbeth Fact or Fiction Thesis: In the play Macbeth, Shakespeare did not ?accurately portray Macbeth according to the historical background in the age of Jacobean times. I. Shakespeare A. Background II. Text of Macbeth III. Historical Inaccuracies A. Macbeth B. Lady Macbeth Read MoreWoven Messages Of Shakespeare s Macbeth1460 Words   |  6 PagesWoven Messages in Shakespeare s Macbeth Megan Ball 16 June 2015 Double, double toil and trouble; fire burn ad cauldron bubble. (Macbeth, 4.1.10)King James I s obsession with witches and the supernatural sparked Shakespeare’s creation of his most famous tragedy Macbeth. Macbeth illustrates the story of the General, who ruthlessly murders the King in order to gain power which he did not deserve. Along with being an entertaining piece of literature, it also serves as a successful piece of politicalRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth - The Natural And Supernatural World1313 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature 12/3/15 To be or not to be? That is the Question of Macbeth The idea that not everything is quite what it seems is not a new one, and has been explored even long before the time of William Shakespeare; however, the playwright whose name has remained the talk of dinner tables worldwide, did an exceptional job of weighing the plurality of the different forms of the natural world. In the Scottish play, Macbeth, Shakespeare both entertains his audience, and poses questions as to what isRead MoreMacbeth As A Binary Of Good Vs Evil1956 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare’s Macbeth is one of the playwright’s masterpieces, and has been a favorite of performers for four hundred years. Today, Macbeth is viewed as a binary of good versus evil. Macbeth is an overly ambitious man who usurps the throne through treachery and eventually loses everything to his ambition. Although Shakespeare’s original notes on the play are lost or nonexistent, thanks to the First Folio Macbeth survives today. Based on the editors’ interpretations o f the varies editions of the FirstRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Life And Life3055 Words   |  13 PagesPaper March 23, 2016 William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon to John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. Shakespeare was assumedly educated at the King?s New School in Stratford with an ?emphasis on the Latin classics, including memorization, writing, and acting classic Latin plays,? writes an article entitled Shakespeare?s Life, found on Foldger Shakespeare Library. He most likely attended until around age fifteen. In late 1582, Shakespeare at age 18 married Anne HathawayRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Life And Life3795 Words   |  16 PagesPaper March 23, 2016 William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon to John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. Shakespeare was assumedly educated at the King?s New School in Stratford with an ?emphasis on the Latin classics, including memorization, writing, and acting classic Latin plays,? writes an article entitled Shakespeare?s Life, found on Foldger Shakespeare Library. He most likely attended until around age fifteen. In late 1582, Shakespeare at age 18 married Anne HathawayRead MoreMacbeth9435 Words   |  38 Pages------------------------------------------------- Macbeth From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about Shakespeare s play. For other uses, see  Macbeth (disambiguation). A poster for a  c.  1884 American production ofMacbeth, starring Thomas W. Keene. Depicted, counter clockwise from top-left, are: Macbeth and Banquo meet the  witches; just after the murder ofDuncan; Banquo s ghost; Macbeth duels Macduff; and Macbeth. Macbeth  is a play written by  William Shakespeare. It is considered one of his darkestRead MoreSad, Bad, or Mad? Do You Consider Macbeth to Be a Tragic Hero, Evil, or Bewitched?4698 Words   |  19 Pagesnoble and good, but is imperfect, so that the audience can see themselves in him. They are doomed from the start. In Macbeth’s case the witches are first on stage, and are planning to meet with Macbeth in the very beginning. FIRST WITCH When shall we meet again? †¦ THIRD WITCH There to meet with Macbeth. This shows that the witches are already plotting Macbeth’s fate. A tragic hero must make a wrong decision himself or has a character flaw (ambitious, greedy†¦) which leads them down a path of

Corporate Finance for Employees Benefit- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Financefor Prospects and Employees Benefit. Answer: Introduction This report focuses on superannuation contribution choices and its importance for tertiary sector employees. The study also describes on the elements that affects the choices of superannuation contribution in tertiary sector employees regarding investment choice plan and defined benefits plan. Superannuation contribution established by Business Corporation as promoting employees welfares for retired employees as an organisational pension program (Power, T. 2011). This contribution is made by the employers and no tax is imposed in this deposit prepared for the employees after their retirement or at the time of withdrawal. In order to encourage employees for future investments and saving their money for better prospects, employees benefit plans are being planned to be added in superannuation schemes. For this purpose, several countries are making efforts to integrate superannuation pension schemes to contribute minimum towards employees benefit plan as a compulsory measure (Moles, et al., 2011). This report is consolidates the benefits associated with the defined benefit plan and investment choice plan for employees plus its factors that decides the best choice among them. In addition to this, the study also illustrates time value of money aspects in terms of superannuation contribution choices in investment choice plan and defined benefits. In the end, functioning of efficient-market hypothesis is being explored while selection of a portfolio for pension funds manager. Superannuation contribution choices for tertiary sector employees as defined benefits or investment choice plan and elements affecting the choice consideration Tertiary sector is referred to the third type of industry sector that is related to the commercial services example service sectors like transport, warehousing, teaching, insurance, health care and advertising in production and distribution processes (Smith, 2012). Superannuation scheme are organised by a company as a pension plan where employer contributes some amount equals to definite percentage of salary of the employee as a benefit after retirement for their long-term services. There is no tax is implicated until the deposited money is being withdrawn or employee is retired. It is a very significant provision for the employees who work in service sector for their life and after retirement they do not save enough to live rest of their life with convenience (Smith, 2012). In addition to this, superannuation fund assists them in making savings after their retirement with a benefit of free of tax implications. It can also been noted that even after withdrawal and investment they have to pay very less tax in comparison to full tax at the time of employment (Dixon, 2012). Furthermore, earning after investing the huge sum of superannuation fund lower tax rate is being implemented during retirement. This amount can also be used as a prime source of survival for employees after their retirements along with this it has also been acknowledged that this fund is protected from bankruptcy (Pettit, 2011). There are many financial planners in every country to help out with their professionalism and expert they are able to advice on best investment options or utilisation of money according to the employees desire (Dixon, 2012). Superannuation amount grows in value till the retirement of the employees or withdrawal is made. In the service sector, minimum amount obligatory for the initial contribution is 3% of the monthly salary of an employee and 9% in some cases (McKeown, 2012). It is manly supported by the government to encourage employees welfare as retirement benefit scheme. This contribution is made by both employees as well as employer at the same percentage but only contribution made by the employer is said to be a superannuation fund (McKeown, 2012). The social security after retirement and burden related to saving in the employment period for future life is being shared with the help of superannuation contribution. In earlier times, there was no choice were available for the superannuation fund like accumulated benefits or alternative investment strategies. With the help of Australian government and initiative towards employment welfare to encourage employees for investment and saving new schemes are being launched as benefit of retirement plan (Power, 2012). However, the concept and factors that affect the choice of benefits plan that is accumulated or alternative investment plan are being described as below: Defined and accumulated benefit plan are associated with the pre defined specified amount of fund as a pension fund which is given by the employer after the completion of service tenure of an employee (Henderson, 2012). The calculation of this defined or pre specified amount is done with the help of age, tenure of the service and salary of the employee throughout the employment period considering all the basic pay increments. Hence, the amount which can be computed with the help of above factors and offered to the employee the entire amount at a time is known as defined benefit plan. Moreover, this amount of superannuation can be allocated in many assets which are being controlled by the UniSuper Ltd trustees (Power, 2012). The advantage in opting out the accumulated benefit plan is less risk involved without any impact of fluctuating performance of portfolio assets and thus final payment is secured and safe for future prospects. On the other hand, as a disadvantage there will be no interest or extra gain can be attained more than minimum payout of defined benefit plan. In case of implementation of alternative investment strategies employee has several choices best for the investment purpose and requirement of an individual (Henderson, 2012). It gives opportunity to employees to choose the type of assets of portfolio in which the investment should be made along with this experts advice like financial planners are also there to help an employee for the same purpose. Some of the choice plan in investments entails secure fund, stable fund, share funds and choice of trustees (McKeown, 2012). When a secured cash and fixed interest is generated with securities are called as secure funds. Likewise, gain of interest and fund through investment in national and international shares as well bonds are known as stable funds. Share funds are investment made in the share of domestic and overseas company entirely (Henderson, 2012). Lastly, investment in infrastructure, property and private assets, national and international shares consists in choice of trustees. These strategies are subjected to the factors of risks and returns with each of the investment choices. These characteristics are considered while selecting the investment strategies. Besides that the investment options have no fixed amount or formula to determine the final payments. Thus all the factors should be considered while choosing option of investment strategy (Iverson, 2013). In general, investment strategy choice is best for the employees who are already familiar with the risks and comprehension of investment, whereas defined benefit plan is for employees who have limited awareness in this field. At the time of taking decision the main factor that affects the decision of the employee and finance manger is the determination and acknowledgement relating to the time value of money (Iverson, 2013). In case of defined benefit plan, time value of money facilitates the present and future value of money the relation between them and the final amount with the expect value at their retirement time. The lump sum amount with the future value of money is being calculated by compounding the present value of money and fixed formula associated with it. In other words, before deciding the investment option estimation of future amount received should be very important. Similarly, in case of investment choice plan as well the assets of portfolio in which the employee decides to invest can be identified with reference to the future value. In that process the assets and future events that affect the value of assets are taken into consideration for future value of money calculation (Carlon, et al. , 2012). Along with this, the risk and return factors are also considered with the future amount calculated in deciding the opportunities present at that time. Therefore, in the end it can be determined there are so many factors like risk involved in the investment, returns that are calculated on the basis of formula or with the characteristics of nature of investment plus the future value of money which is estimated with the help of compounding of present value of money. Moreover, the knowledge of investor or employee regarding the investment portfolios and awareness of risk taking and return expectation is very necessary to decide the opportunity of investment or defined benefit plan (Carlon, et al., 2012). These factors set parameters on how much an expert, or with a little knowledge can decide in the option available for superannuation fund for their future life. The experts and financial planners calculate and acknowledge about these factor in advance and with the appropriate approach and convenience of the employees is prime factor in opting out the apt strategy. If the efficient-market hypothesis is true, the pension fund manager might as well select a portfolio with a pin Explanation and why this is not the case The effective-market hypothesis analyses entire information associated with the assets of investment and provides correct information to the investors (Brealey, 2007). It is regarding minimisation of the risk related to the market and providing all the future and present information related to the investing assets. The use of this hypothesis and analysis of the share determines the future value of the assets appropriately that identifies the option in front of investors in which the future aspects of investments are good and best. However, the effective market hypothesis is a controversial and debated topic because market is associated with factors of risk and returns and if investors are provided all the information regarding the assets correctly and future aspects related to assets, it will be very easy for any individual to invest their money in the same asset. Along with this, the higher return from the possible other assets will be not been identified or realised by the market a ssets (Brealey, 2007). Risks pertaining to market will be knocked down, if the prices and all the information of the assets will be openly provided in the market. The pension fund manager is responsible for the higher return and selecting minimum risk assets for the pension holders and bestows them with maximum amount of superannuation fund after retirement. Thus, selecting a good performing asset and creating portfolio substantially with higher returns and minimum risk is a duty of pension fund manager. In case, if the financial economic theory of efficient-market hypothesis is true then, the pension fund manger have solely one choice to select portfolio of asset which gives the maximum rate of return. In addition to this, the work of pension fund manager will become easy and convenient but in that case employee will have only same type of asset as an option of invest and same expected returns will be gained (Brealey, et al. 2012). If this theory is true, then different approaches to find the appropriate assets for the investment and expected amount calculation formulas are not being used by the pension fund manager. Investment will be fixed as other option and gains also provide the same return information. However, if it is not true then pension fund manager is to select different assets based on the finest portfolio that generates higher return and minimum risks are involved. Furthermore, the different assets with no co-relation is also a challenge for pension fund manager as one non performing asset can not hamper the overall return of pension fund (Brealey, et al. 2012). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be illustrated that for employees in the tertiary sector superannuation fund and opportunities related to the investment choices and defined benefit plan aspect is a very essential topic in providing employee welfare after retirement. It can be determined that there are various factors such as risk, return, nature if investment and knowledge of investors that influences the choice superannuation scheme. Along with this, the future value of time by compounding the present value of money is also an imperative aspect in comparing the choices and strategies of superannuation scheme. The efficient market hypothesis is the sharing all the information relating to the assets and price of the assets in future as well. Its application will ease the pension fund manger task whereas its absence will challenge the task by exploring diversified assets as option of investment for maximum benefits provided to employees. References Brealey, R. A. 2007. Principles Of Corpte Fin (Cd). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Brealey, R. A., et al. 2012. Principles of Corporate Finance. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Carlon, S., et al. 2012. Accounting, Google eBook: Building Business Skills. 4th ed. John Wiley Sons. Dixon, D. 2012. Securing Your Superannuation Future: How to Start and Run a Self Managed Super Fund. John Wiley Sons. Henderson, S. 2012. SMSF DIY Guide: Everything you need to successfully set up and run your own Self Managed Superannuation Fund. John Wiley Sons. Iverson, D. 2013. Strategic Risk Management: A Practical Guide to Portfolio Risk Management. John Wiley Sons. McKeown, W. 2012. Financial Planning. John Wiley Sons. Moles, P., et al. 2011. Corporate Finance. John Wiley Sons. Pettit, J. 2011. Strategic Corporate Finance: Applications in Valuation and Capital Structure. John Wiley Sons. Power, T. 2011. Super Freedom: Create a Worry-Free Financial Future in 6 Steps. John Wiley Sons. Power, T. 2012. Superannuation for Dummies. 2nd ed. John Wiley Sons. Smith, B. 2012. Self Managed Superannuation Fund Handbook: A Practical Guide to Starting and Managing Your Own Fund. John Wiley Sons.

Memory Management Requirements Essay Sample free essay sample

The computing machine runing system could be considered the encephalon of the computing machine collective. Like the human encephalon. it manages plans and oversees activities inside the computing machine. It besides manages computing machine system resources and performs operations efficaciously and expeditiously with consistence. and facilitates connexions to the Internet and other webs. One map of the operating system is memory direction. which is optimising the usage of chief memory. known as Random Access Memory ( RAM ) . RAM is allocated by the operating system to affected plans as required and so recalls the memory allotment when the plan is completed. ( However. although RAM used by a plan or procedure is supposed to be released when no longer needed. this does non ever go on. This is called memory leaking. The consequence is the computing machine temporarily running out of functional memory. Current systems can observe and automatically re-allocate memory ; whereas earlier s ystems would necessitate a computing machine reboot to review RAM. We will write a custom essay sample on Memory Management Requirements Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ) Today’s plans are typically memory intensive ( such as Windows XP. and Windows 7. which require anyplace from 64 to 128 MB of RAM ) . and need extra RAM. Effective direction of memory helps increase efficient system procedure responses. An illustration frequently utilised is practical memory. This is where the operating system uses the computer’s difficult thrust as auxiliary RAM. Programs and informations in potentia are stored in the â€Å"virtual memory† ( an allocated country of the difficult thrust ) . This is referred to as the barter file. Virtual memory is divided into pages or sections. depending on the operating system’s design. These are detached subdivisions of a program’s corporate whole. which are downloaded into RAM as needed during the executing of the plan. Though RAM will overwrite â€Å"pages or segments† with new 1s. practical memory maintains all plan subdivisions intact during the plan processes. The transportation from practical memory to RAM is frequently called swapping. and continues until the plan is finished. Virtual memory allows the usage of more memory than is available entirely in RAM ; nevertheless. the trade-off is a slower executing of the plan. Modern runing systems allow the user to apportion specific sums of difficult thrust infinite for their practical memory demands. Another illustration of memory direction utilised but considered lasting / semi-permanent. is called the file system. File systems are stored on the difficult thrust. every bit good as on the chief. or â€Å"mother board† . File systems located on the female parent board are â€Å"burned† into memory. and can merely be modified within a limited discrepancy. They are portion of the computer’s basic input/output system ( BIOS ) . and command such things as system booting ( computing machine startup ) . and keyboard map. BIOS are besides called â€Å"firmware† . On the other manus. file systems stored on the difficult thrust are semi-permanent. and can be added. removed. or modified by the user. more or less at will. However. these files in the file system do non necessitate power to keep unity. That is. the computing machine can be powered down. without losing the information stored in the files located on the difficult thrust. Files located on the difficult thrust shop both plans. every bit good as informations to be utilized by said plans. These files are what the operating system draws upon in order to execute the maps required by the user. The concluding idea for this casual paper is the construct of buffering and spooling. Compared to current treating units. some input/output devices are highly slow ( such as pressmans. and the keyboard ) . Memory direction allows for moving as a â€Å"traffic cop† . to keep up slower and larger processing demands. and allow quicker and smaller demands to acquire to their finish. and so let the old plan demands to go on with their maps. For illustration. print instructions can be buffered in a â€Å"queue† . or keeping form. In fact. multiple print petitions can be buffered into a â€Å"queue† . without doing the processing unit to wait. for one map to complete. before go oning another. This is called â€Å"spooling† . Spooling prioritizes what â€Å"mac truck† goes foremost in the public presentation of a demand. without keeping up the processing unit. Hence the construct of memory direction being called the computer’s â€Å"traffic cop† . Mentions Morley. D. . Parker. C. S. . ( 2007 ) . Understanding Computers: Thomson CourseTechnology 11th Ed. System Software: Operating Systems and Utility Programs. 182 ( 5 ) . 189-191. Stalls. W. . ( 2012 ) . Operating Systems: 7th Ed. . Prentice Hall. . Pearson. Inc. . Internals and Design Principles. 2 ( 2. 3 ) . 62-74.Rathbone. A. . ( 2004 ) . Windows XP for DUMMIES: 2nd ED. . Wiley Publishing. Inc. .A Mention for the Rest of Us! . 9.

Hydraulics Pneumatics Essays

Hydraulics Pneumatics Essays Hydraulics Pneumatics Essay Hydraulics Pneumatics Essay HYDRAULICS IN MISSILES Nowadays, the electro-hydraulic actuator plays an important role in some modern tactical missiles. High power, great robustness and high tracking precision are the most significant demands for the missile actuator. Therefore an advanced method of active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is presented aiming at the dynamics of the system are highly nonlinear and have large extent of model uncertainties, such as tremendous changes in load. Firstly, a novel ADRC controller is designed for estimating and compensating disturbance based on the mathematical model of missile electro-hydraulic actuator. Then, the influence of rudder load on the system performance is analyzed in this paper. Simulation results show that the ADRC control approach can decrease the tracking error and enhance the robustness of missile electro-hydraulic actuator system when the rudder load changed tremendously. But the phenomenon of Anti-Control has disadvantageous effect on the transition period of actuator loop and evenly causes the system divergence. HYDRAULIC SUSPENSION IN BOGIES The application of oil-hydraulic actuators for active suspension of railway vehicles has been examined experimentally by using a 3-DOF half-vehicle model. The LQG control law was adopted, in which state variables were estimated from measurable ones on the actual railway vehicle. The results show the possibility that the controllable frequency range extends with the oil-hydraulic actuator. The addition of bogie acceleration measurement to body related measurement provides a significant advantage for the performance. When actual body weight becomes lighter than that of the controller design value, the control performance and the stability deteriorate. Therefore, it is recommended to use the empty car body weight for design of the active suspension controller. The control effect can reach to the maximum vibration isolation level by shortening the sampling period to 2 ms PNEUMATIC GREASE GUN A grease gun is a common workshop and garage tool used for lubrication. The purpose of the grease gun is to apply lubricant through an aperture to a specific point, usually on agrease fitting. The channels behind the grease nipple lead to where the lubrication is needed. The aperture may be of a type that fits closely with a receiving aperture on any number of mechanical devices. The close fitting of the apertures ensures that lubricant is applied only where needed. There are three types of grease gun: A grease gun (pneumatic) 1. Hand-powered, where the grease is forced from the aperture by back-pressure built up by hand cranking the trigger mechanism of the gun, which applies pressure to a spring mechanism behind the lubricant, thus forcing grease through the aperture. 2. Hand-powered, where there is no trigger mechanism, and the grease is forced through the aperture by the back-pressure built up by pushing on the butt of the grease gun, which slides a piston through the body of the tool, pumping grease out of the aperture. . Air-powered (pneumatic), where compressed air is directed to the gun by hoses, the air pressure serving to force the grease through the aperture. Russell Gray, inventor of the air-powered grease gun, founded Graco based on this invention The grease gun is charged or loaded with any of the various types of lubricants, but usually a thicker heavier type of grease is used. It was a close resemblance to contemporary hand-power ed grease guns that gave the nickname to the World War II-era M3 submachine gun. PNEUMATICS IN AIRCRAFT Bleed air in gas turbine engines is compressed air taken from within the engine, after the compressor stage(s) and before the fuel is injected in the burners. While in theory bleed air could be drawn in any gas turbine engine, its usage is generally restricted to jet engines used in aircraft. Bleed air is valuable in an aircraft for two properties: high temperature and high pressure (typical values are 200-250Â °C and 275 kPa (40 PSI), for regulated bleed air exiting the engine pylon for use throughout the aircraft). 1] This compressed air can be used within the aircraft in many different ways, from de-icing, to pressurizing the cabin, to pneumatic actuators. However, bleed air is quite hot and when being used in the cabin or other low temperature areas, it must first be cooled or even refrigerated by the aircrafts environmental control system (ECS). Newer aircraft rely more on electricity, reducing the need for compressed air. Since most gas turbine engines use multiple compressor stages, some newer engines have the bleed air inlet between compressor stages to reduce the temperature of the compressed air.

Atomic Number 3 Element Facts

Atomic Number 3 Element Facts Lithium is the element that is atomic number 3 on the periodic table. These means each atom contains 3 protons. Lithium is a soft, silvery, light alkali metal  denoted with the symbol Li. Here are interesting facts about atomic number 3: Lithium is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element at ordinary temperature and pressure. The density of the solid near room temperature is 0.534  g/cm3. This means it not only floats on water, but is only about half as dense as it. It is so light, it can even float on oil. It also has the highest specific heat capacity of a solid element. Element number 3 has the highest melting point and boiling point of the alkali metals.Element number 3 is soft enough to cut with shears. Freshly cut metal is silver-colored, with a metallic luster. However, moist air quickly corrodes the metal, turning it dull gray and finally black.Among its uses, lithium is used in medications for bipolar disorder, to make lithium ion batteries, and to add a red color to fireworks. Its also used in glass and ceramics and to make high temperature lubricant grease. It is a coolant in breeder reactors and a source of tritium when atomic number 3 is bombarded with neutrons.Lithium is the only alkali metal that reacts with nitrogen. Yet, it is the least reactive metal in its element group. This is because the lithium valence electron is so close to the atomic nucleus. While lithium metal burns in water, it does not do so as vigorously as sodium or potassium. Lithium metal will burn in air and should be stored under kerosene or in an inert atmosphere, like argon. Dont try to extinguish a lithium fire with water as  it will only make it worse! Because the human body contains a lot of water, lithium will also burn skin. It is corrosive and should not be handled without protective gear.The name for the element comes from the Greek word lithos, which means stone. Lithium was discovered in the mineral petalite (LiAISi4O10).  Brazilian naturalist and statesman, Jozà © Bonifcio de Andralda e Silva found the stone on the Swedish isle Utà ¶. Although the mineral looked like an ordinary gray rock, it flared red when thrown into a fire.  Swedish chemist Johan August Arfvedson determined the mineral contained a previously unknown element. He couldnt isolate a pure specimen, but did produce a lithium salt from petalite in 1817.The atomic mass of lithium is  6.941. The atomic mass is a weighted average that accounts for the natural isotope abundance of the element.Lithium is believed to be one of only three chemical elements produced in the Big Bang that formed the universe. The other two elements are hydrogen and helium. Howev er, lithium is relatively uncommon in the universe. Scientists believe the reason is that lithium is nearly unstable, with isotopes that have the lowest binding energies per nucleon of any stable nuclides. Several isotopes of lithium are known, but the natural element is a mix of two stable isotopes.  Li-7 (92.41 percent natural abundance) and Li-6 (7.59 percent natural abundance). The most stable radioisotope is lithium-8, which has a half-life of 838 ms.Lithium readily loses its outer electron to form the Li ion. This leaves the atom with a stable inner shell of two electrons. The lithium ion readily conducts electricity.Because of its high reactivity, lithium is not found in nature as a pure element, but the ion is abundant in sea water. Lithium compounds are found in clay.Mankinds first fusion reaction involved atomic number 3, in which lithium was used to make hydrogen isotopes for fusion by  Mark Oliphant in 1932.Lithium is found in trace amounts in living organisms, but its function is unclear. Lithium salts are used to treat bipolar disorder, where they act to stabilize mood.Lithium is a superconductor at ordinary pressure at an extremely low temperature. It also supercondu cts at higher temperatures when the pressure is very high (greater than 20 GPa). Lithium displays multiple crystal structures and allotropes. It exhibits a rhombohedral crystal structure (nine layer repeat spacing) around 4 K (liquid helium temperature), transitioning to a face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic structure as the temperature increases.

World word II concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

World word II concepts - Essay Example In 1942-43, however, the U.S. Army Air Force went to war following a daylight precision bombing doctrine, then drifted toward area bombing, culminating in the Dresden raid and the firebombing of Japan. Conceding that "ethical restraints were not the most important limitation on terror bombing," Crane argues that their influence-amid doctrines, command pressures, and public attitudes--"cannot be completely discounted" (p. 8), and relies on official reports and statements to survey the range of views of strategic bombing among the senior airmen. USAAF trial night bombing missions are not noted, nor are such shaping forces as pacifist lobbying, the Army Industrial College, the Geneva air talks, the Nye Hearings, many, many boards and committees, and the Color/Rainbow War Plans. Nor will many students of propaganda agree that serious concern for public opinion in war-waging dates from the American Civil War. Much of the genealogy of RAF area-bombing lies out of view, from the Independent Air Force in World War I and interwar Air Staff processes, through various Bomber Command chiefs frustrations, the area-bombing scheme of Lindemann, Churchills science advisor, to the August 1942 Moscow Conference, when Churchill promised Stalin to bomb German cities in lieu of a "Second Front." However bellicose in style and rhetoric, Bomber Command chief Air Marshal Sir Arthur "Bert" Harris, was heir to that momentum. Whatever his influence was on Americans, especially on LeMay, the latter is cast as a kind of air-age Cromwell, and his considerable organizing and leadership skills are muted. After speculating how Nimitz or MacArthur might have reined in LeMay, Crane judges the twenty-first Bomber Command "more efficient" than the RAF Bomber Command, which is perplexing since their respective milieux varied widely, in duration, technologies, and distances. Whatever its debits, Cranes study is well worth reading. It describes how

Exploratory, Descriptive and Causal Research Essay

Exploratory, Descriptive and Causal Research - Essay Example imarily desires to develop insights into the problem Exploratory research must be an initial research to be conducted to clarify and then define the nature of a problem (Eden, Herrmann and Li, 2004). This is not supposed to provide conclusive evidence and subsequent research is expected. Meanwhile, descriptive research as the name implies, intends to describe the nature of business or market characteristics. It can also be used to produce data (Hughes, 2003), enable researchers to recognize associations among factors of interest. On the other hand, descriptive research cannot explicitly establish causal linkages. Mainly, surveys fall in descriptive research. Similarly, causal research is another type of business research method which aims to discover a cause and effect relationship by generating data beneath controlled conditions. Also it is capable of launching cause and effect between factors with a greater degree of certainty. The objectives as well as the research design and methods of the research problems stated in a-f, are critically analyzed and categorized according to the definition, classification, purpose, characteristics and outcomes of the three (3) research types - exploratory, descriptive and the causal research. 2. There are instances that the business team might want to find out the relationships of particular causal factors to the effects which they are predicting. In this case, they may utilize the causal research process. At the moment causes of the effects which are desired to be predicted will be fully understood, they can invariably improve the ability both to predict as well as to control the corresponding effects (Feldman, 1975). The stage in research by which researcher has to know the responses to the â€Å"why† questions without arriving to precise answers is part of the exploratory study. It is often the initial move in a series of actions that is planned by the marketing team. Exploratory research usually answers research

Comparison of Reports Essay Example for Free

Comparison of Reports Essay The ability to read and write reports is an essential skill in today’s world. Therefore we need to acquaint ourselves with the three main types of reports – Informational, Analytical, and Proposals. Informational reports mainly provide facts and figures while analytical reports go one step further and provide an analysis of the facts presented. Proposals are usually prior to writing a full-blown report and contain the methods on how a certain study is to be undertaken. No matter what our occupation is, one thing we will surely deal with is reports whether it be reading and evaluating them or writing them. Therefore it is of importance for a person to be acquainted with three main types of reports – Informational Reports, Analytical Reports, and Proposals. The most basic report is the informational report. As its name implies, an informational report’s main purpose and goal is to provide information in the form of facts, figures, or observations on a certain subject so that the reader will have a better understanding of the subject matter. For informational reports, it is very important to have accurate and significant facts gained from credible sources. An analytical report is similar to an informational report in that it also contains significant and informative facts gained from credible sources but it goes a step further because the author presents an analysis of the information cited in an effort to come up with ways of solving the issue. Usually the author will present facts and figures regarding the subject and then will provide a detailed analysis of these facts and figures in order to shed more light on the subject of the report. (Shurter et al. , 1965) A proposal on the other hand is something that is usually written prior to making a report or a study and states the importance or significance of undertaking that study. (Brown 1955) A proposal is similar to an informational report in that it must include preliminary sources where facts can be gained from. It is similar to an analytical report in the sense that it usually tackles an issue and it proposes to use a certain methodology or framework in which to analyze the data and thereby draw conclusions from. The main purpose for writing a proposal is if you want to undertake a certain study or report and wish to get a professionals’ opinion and advice on your idea for a report or to gain funding from different sponsors. Reference List: Brown, L. (1955). Effective Business Report Writing. Wisconsin: Prentice-Hall. Shurter, R. L. , Williamson J. P. , Broehl, W. G. (1965). Business Research and Report Writing. California: University of California.

The Great Depression Essay -- essays research papers

The Depression was a period of time after the economic boom of the 1920's in America, when the economy went downhill. People lost money, jobs, shares, businusses went bankrupt and the farming industry suffered greatly. The Republic Government at the time lead by Hoover was still following policies of Lassez Faire so business was not getting the support it needed to get it back on track. The Republic Governments Protectionist policies were one of the causes of the great depression. There were trade problems associated with their protectionist policies. The Republic Government made high tarrifs on imported goods. This was to make sure that the Americans were buying their own products. Buying American products meant that they would be keeping the money in their economy instead of sending it to other countries. Other countries, now unable to export goods to the Americans retaliated by increasing their tarrifs on american goods. America could no longer export their goods to other countries. Mass production meant that there was more goods being produced than what needed to be but because other countries had high tarrifs on American goods, they could not be exported. Output became greater than demand so goods cheapened in price. American goods were not being sold. This resulted in cut-backs in production which meant that there was less employment available so people lost t heir jobs. Profits being made lessened and so did the value of shares. A lack of regulation in the stock market was also a cause of the great depression. Most shares that were changing hands were done so through borrowed money. Buying shares on the margin this way worked very well when share prices were rising. When prices began to slow down or cheapened in value however, trouble arose in the stock market. Seventy five per cent of share prices could be borrowed. This caused a lot of speculation which helped to increase share valuse further. The Federal Reserve Board gave easy credit to share holders and taxes were cut so that more money was available. This lack of regulation created more speculation which caused more share prices to increase. The farming problems in the United States increased and were one of the causes for the depression. Because of mechanisation there was over production of goods by farmers. There were large surpluses of food. It could not be exported because of high tarrifs... ...d unemployment was on the rise. people became homeless and had to live around the citys in slum areas they liked to call hoovervilles. suicide rose as a result of debts and the pressures being put on people who couldnt handle it. ill health rose as a result of poor hygene and living conditions. Elderly people were robbed of pensions and svaings and so had nothing to live for anymore. Women before the depression had begun getting involved in the stock market. so during the depression they lost money like the men did. They were only a percentage of the people involved in the stock market however, it was mostly still men. Women also stopped buying as many labour saving devices during this time. African Americans during the Depression were mostly still working on farms. They suffered like the rest of the farming population with debts and surplus produce. Hoover did not do all he could to stop the economic depression. he did what he believed in though, and he made attempts to get the economy back on track. He was only human in his actions, you can not do something if you dont feel it is right. and he was not going to help his nation if he thought he was going the wrong way about it.

Many films are a bad influence on young people Essay

The film industries of the world are developing day by day. Today there are so many films being produced that you can barely keep count. Some of them are for the benefit of the community but most of the films have a bad influence on the young people as well as on the community. These films are responsible for increase in violence, crime, illegitimacy in the society. And I completely agree with the statement that many films are a bad influence on young people because of the following reasons. It has been noticed that boys and girls are crazy of watching movies. And they spent averagely three to four hours in watching movies daily. This fast growing bad habit is expensive because of increasing electricity bill and the waste of precious time which can certainly be devoted to healthier, less wasteful and more gainful pursuits. The extreme setting in front of TV is harmful for education and health also. The studies are affected because youth like to watch television when parents are not there in home, and having no self-discipline. Many teens have shortsighted because of this. And it caused the problem like fat. Staying at home will let you become lazier. Our body needs to do sports, exercise etc The youth also try the actions done by heroes in the films. In the Indian films there is extreme level of violence, crime and other deviations from normal human behavior. The re-enactment shows shown on different channels of about robbery, murder etc, and are extremely dangerous for the country in future because youth learn about the new methods of criminal activities. Education and other experts have repeatedly found that the main source of eve teasing and assaults on girls in our towns and cities, in the market place and elsewhere, is the cinema. Young people see on the screen a hero running after a heroine, approaching and tempting her in subtle ways. Such talk and gestures naturally catch the attention of the immature cinema fans and affect their thinking and conduct. Thus, the social fabric and the morals of the young people are adversely affected. Another notable aspect of the situation is that whenever some enterprising producer presents a simple, true-to-life story, based on the works of famous short story or fiction writers as Prem Chand or Sarat Chandra, such films, and also art films free of glamour, seldom prove successful and prove to be flops at the box office. The modern audiences want songs and dances, spectacle and gorgeous costumes, love scenes and fights. What sort of citizens can the country hope to produce when the films the young see are totally misleading, lack aesthetical values. However, there are some positive effects of the films like movie â€Å"Tara Zameen Par† in which a child which is been weak in one subject can be good in other subject and the strictness of the parents on the weak subject can make the child mentally disabled. In the last movies and films are bad for the youth because positive effects are lesser than negative effects.

Indian Agriculture Essay

Indian agriculture had reached the stage of development and maturity much before the now advanced countries of the world embarked upon the path of progress. There was a proper balance between agriculture and industry and both flourished hand in hand. This situation continued till the middle of the 18th century. The interference from the alien British govt. destroyed the balance and the economy of the country was badly shattered. Therefore Indian agriculture in the pre-independence period can be correctly described as a â€Å"subsistence† occupation. It was only after the advent of planning (more precisely the advent of the green revolution in 1966) that the farmers started adopting agriculture on a commercial basis. THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIAN ECONOMY 1. Share in national income: at the time of the First World War, agriculture contributed two-thirds of the national income. After the initiation of planning in India, the share of agriculture has persistently declined due to the development of the secondary and the tertiary sectors. At 1999-2000 prices, the share of agriculture in GDP at factor cost was 27. see more:non farm activities 3% in 1999-2000 and 21. 7% in 2005-2006. 2. Largest employment providing sector: in 1951, 69. 5% of the working population was engaged in agriculture. This percentage fell to 66. 9% in 1991 and to 56. 7% in 2001. 3. Provision of food surplus to the expanding population: the ninth Five Year Plan set a target of increasing the food grains production from a level of 199. 4 million tonnes in 1996-97 to 300 million tonnes by 2007-08 to meet the consumption requirement of India’s estimated population of more than a billion. 4. Contribution to capital formation: since agriculture happens to be the largest industry in India, it can play an important role in pushing up the rate of capital formation. The policies advocated are: a) Transfer of labor and capital from farm to non-farm activities. b) Taxation of agriculture in such a way that the burden on agriculture is greater than the governmental services provided to agriculture. c) Turning the terms of trade against agriculture b imposing price controls on agricultural products, taxation or the use of multiple exchange rates that discriminate against agriculture. 5. Providing raw materials to industries: agriculture provides raw materials to various industries of national importance, like, sugar industry, jute industry, cotton textile industry, etc. 6. Market for industrial products: since more than two-thirds of the population of India lives in rural areas, increased rural purchasing power is a valuable stimulus to industrial development. 7. Importance in international trade: for a number of years, cotton textiles, jute and tea accounted for more than 50% of export earnings of the country. With economic progress and consequent diversification of production base, the share of agricultural goods in total exports has consistently fallen. It fell from 44. 2% in 1960-61to 10. 2% in 2005-06. A growing surplus of agricultural produce is needed in the country to: i) Increase supply of food and agricultural raw materials at non-inflationary prices. ii) Widen the domestic market for industrial goods through increased purchasing power within the rural sector. iii) Facilitate inter-sectoral transfers of capital needed for industrial development (including infrastructure) iv) Increase foreign exchange earnings through agricultural exports. THE NATURE OF INDIA’S AGRICULTURE At the time of independence, India’s agriculture was in a state of backwardness. Productivity per hectare and per worker was extremely low. The techniques employed were age-old and traditional. Because of low productivity, agriculture merely provided ‘subsistence’ to the farmers and had not become ‘commercialized’. Approximately 45% of the total consumption of the farmers came from their own production in 1951-52. This highlights the low importance of money in the village economy. These reveal that Indian agriculture was backward and qualitatively traditional in nature on the eve of the First Five Year Plan. Some of the causes responsible for the above state of affairs are listed below: 1. Feudal relations of production: at the time of independence, three types of land tenure systems existed in the country-zamindari, mahalwari and ryotwari. Approximately 57% area of the country was under the zamindar system, ryotwari came second with 38% and mahalwari was restricted to only 5%. 2. Usurious capital and rural indebtedness. 3. Labor market dualism: because of the excessive pressure of population on land, wages in the agricultural sector tend to be considerably lower as compared to the modern (industrial) sector. This leads to a labor market dualism. Low wages in the agricultural sector lead to low per-capita income and this, in turn, results in low labor productivity. 4. Outmoded farming techniques. 5. Fluctuations and instability in crop output: even now, approximately 60% of gross cropped area continues to depend on rainfall. Therefore nature continues to play a major role in determining the role of agricultural production. 6. Diversities in the agricultural sector and the problem of generalization: different regions exhibit entirely different characteristics so that no one plan can be conceived for all agricultural regions of the country. CROPPING PATTERN IN INDIA By crop pattern, we mean the proportion of area of different crops at a point of time, changes in this distribution over a period of time and factors determining this change in distribution. Cropping pattern in India is determined mainly natural factors like rainfall, climate and soil conditions. However, technological conditions have also played an important part. Some significant facts about the cropping pattern in India are summarized below: 1. Food crops including cereals, millets, pulses, vegetables and fruits cover nearly three-fourths of total cropped area. Of the total area under food grains, a large proportion is occupied by cereals. Of the total area of 121. 9 million hectares under food grains in2005-2006, the share of cereals was 99. 5 million hectares (i. e. , 81. 6%) 2. Rice is the most important food grain crop in India. 2005-0 6 it was grown on 43. 5 million hectares, which amounted to 34. 7% of total area under food grains. This shows that rice is grown on more than one-third of the total area under food grains. 3. The second important crop in India is wheat. In 2005-06 wheat was grown on 26. 6million hectares, which comes to 21. 8% of the area under food grains. 4. The combined area under jowar, bajra and maize declined in percentage from 28. 6% in 1950-51 to 21. 4% in 2005-06. 5. Area under oilseeds was 10. 7 million hectares in 1950-51 and 19millio hectares in 1985-86. To achieve self-sufficiency in edible oils, the govt. launched a no. of programs in 1980s. As a result of these programs, area under oilseeds increased rapidly to 26. 2 million hectares in 1998-99. In 2005-06, area under oilseeds rose to 27. 7 million hectares. 6. In commercial crops, the area under sugarcane increased from 1. 8 million hectares in 1950-51 to 4. 2 million hectares in 2005-06. The area under jute increased from 0. 6 million hectares in 1950-51 to 0. 8 million hectares in 2005-06. Area under cotton rose from5. 9 million hectares in 1950-51 to 8. 9 in 2005-06. TRENDS IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY Agricultural production has two components- food grains and non food grains. In the index no. of agricultural production, the weights assigned to food grains and non food grains are62. 9 and 37. 1 respectively. The most important component in the food grains category is rice (weight 29. 7), followed by wheat (weight 14. 5). In non food grains category, oilseeds constitute the most important group (weight 12. 6). Sugarcane carries a weight of 8. 1 while cotton carries a weight of 4. 4. As far as food grains output is concerned, the total production increased from 50. 8 million tonnes in 1950-51 to 187. 0 million tonnes in the eighth plan, and further to 202. 9 million tonnes in the ninth plan. However, because of draught conditions in the first year of the tenth plan, 2002-03, the food grains output declined to 174. 8 million tones but again rose to 213. 2 million tonnes in 2003-04. However in 2004-05, it fell to 198. 4 million tonnes and stood at 208. 3 million tonnes in 2005-06. In the non food grains group, jute and cotton show slow and halting progress in both the periods. However, the production of oilseeds rose considerably in the latter half of the 1980s and certain years of the 1990s. It increased from 12. 7 million tonnes in 1987-88 to 27. 7 million tonnes in 2005-06. Production of cotton rose from 8. 4 million bales in the seventh plan to 19. 6 million bales in 2005-06. Sugarcane registered a more or less steady growth during the entire period 1950-51 to 2002-03, but its production fell sharply in 2003-04 and 2004-05. However, in 2005-06, it bounced back to touch 278. 4 million tonnes. Over the period 1950-51 to 2005-06, yield per hectare of all food grains has increased by more than three times from 552 kgs per hectare in 1950-51 to 1,708 kgs per hectare in 2005-06. Most significant increase has been recorded by wheat with its yield increasing from 655 kgs per hectare in 1950-51 to 2,607 kgs per hectare in 2005-06. While the productivity of maize has increased significantly during recent years, the productivity of jowar and bajra has increased relatively slowly. Productivity of pulses was only 585 kgs per hectare in 2005-06 which was only slightly higher than the productivity in 1960-61. A comparison of productivity levels of Indian agriculture with the levels in other countries shows how low the productivity in Indian agriculture is. India happens to be one of the largest growers and producers of most of the agricultural crops, but ranks very low in terms of yield. For instance, it has the largest area under rice and wheat in the world and the second largest producer of these crops. However, in terms of productivity, its rank is only 52nd in the world in rice and 38th in wheat. Not only is productivity in Indian agriculture lower than that in other countries, it is much lower than the potential. The causes of low productivity in Indian agriculture can be divided in the following three categories: I. General causes. 1. Social environment: it is said that the Indian farmer is illiterate, superstitious, conservative and unresponsive to new and modern agricultural techniques. The social environment of the villages is often stated to be an obstacle in agricultural development. 2. Pressure of population on land: this is partly responsible for the sub-division and the fragmentation of the land holdings. Productivity on small and uneconomic holdings is low. 3. Land degradation: almost 43% of land suffers from high degradation resulting in 33-67% yield loss while 5% is so damaged that it is rendered unusable. II. Institutional causes. 1. Land tenure system: in this land tenure system, it is difficult to increase productivity through technological progress. Land reforms should precede technical changes. 2. Lack of credit and marketing facilities: Indian farmers continue to produce the same output even at more attractive prices. On account of lack o marketing facilities or non-availability of loans on fair interest rates, the cultivators are not able to invest the requisite resources in agriculture. This keeps the level of productivity low. 3. Uneconomic holdings: most of the holdings are not extremely small; they’re also fragmented into a no. of tiny plots so that cultivation can be carried on them only by labor intensive ways. This results in low productivity. III. Technical causes. 1. Outmoded agricultural techniques: most of the Indian farmers still use outmoded techniques. Wooden ploughs and bullocks are still used by majority farmers. Use of fertilizers and HYV seeds are very limited. Indian agriculture is traditional. 2. Inadequate irrigational facilities: almost 60% of the gross cropped area depends on rains. Rainfall is often insufficient, uncertain & irregular. Thus productivity is low in areas depending wholly on rainfall. Even in areas having irrigational facilities, potential is not fully utilized because of defective management. Also with the ever rising cost of irrigation, small farmers can’t make use of the irrigational facilities. Following are some of the measures to increase productivity: 1. Implementation of land reforms: even though the land reforms have been introduced in India in the post-independence period, the results from it are pretty unsatisfactory. Therefore special efforts have to be made by the State to implement those reforms forcefully. Unless this is done, the tiller won’t have any incentive to invest in land and adopt new agricultural techniques. Thus, land reforms are the foremost necessity. 2. Integrated management of land & water resources: almost half of country’s soil is degraded. There’s a huge loss due to water-logging, salinization and human induced water erosion. This proves the urgency of the integrated & efficient management of our land and water resources. 3. Improved seeds: this play an important role in increasing productivity. E. g. :- HYV of wheat in Punjab, Haryana & U. P. therefore the farmers should be educated in the methods of sowing, manuring and irrigating the new HYV seeds. 4. Fertilizers: improved variety of seeds requires heavy doses of fertilizers. Indian farmers use only a tenth of the required amount. Use of fertilizers in ample quantities can push up the productivity. 5. Irrigation: use of improved seeds & fertilizers require proper irrigational facilities. It can also make multiple cropping possible in many areas & thus increase the productivity. 6. Plant protection: most of the countryside farmers are unaware of the medicines and insecticides to face the challenge posed by diseases & insects. The govt. should maintain its own technical staff to carry out the spraying of pesticides & insecticides at nominal rates. 7. Farm mechanization: it is generally maintained through farm mechanization, agricultural production can be increased. It results in increase in productivity of land & labor, reduction in costs, saving of time & increase in economic surplus. 8. Provision of credit & market facilities: use of improved seeds, fertilizers, irrigational facilities, pesticides, machinery, etc. requires substantial money resources which small farmers don’t possess. Thus it is necessary to strengthen the credit-cooperative sector. The commercial banks should be encouraged to lend more to small farmers. Cooperative marketing societies should be promoted to ensure better prices to small farmers. THE GREEN REVOLUTION A team of experts sponsored by the Ford Foundation was invited by the Government of India in the latter half of the second Five Year Plan to suggest ways and means to increase agricultural production and productivity. This necessity arose out of the need to increase agricultural production in the ace of continuing stagnation of production on one hand, and rapidly increasing demand on the other. On the basis of the recommendations of this team, the govt. introduced an intensive development program in seven districts selected from seven states in 1960 and this program was named Intensive Area Development Program (IADP). A district selected under IADP was required to possess qualities such as assured water supply, minimum hazards (like floods, drainage problems, acute soil conservation problem, etc), well developed village institutions and maximum potentialities for increasing agricultural production within a short span of time. The seven districts selected were West Godavari in Andhra Pradesh, Shahabad in Bihar, Raipur in Madhya Pradesh, Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu, Ludhiana in Punjab, Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh and Pali in Rajasthan—the first four were selected for rice, the next two for wheat and the last one for millets. This program was later extended to remaining states also by selecting one district from each state for intensive development. In October 1965, the net was widened and 114 districts were selected for intensive development and the program labeled as Intensive Agricultural Areas Program (IAAP). The period of mid-1960s was very significant from the point of view of agriculture. New high-yielding varieties of wheat were developed in Mexico by Prof. Norman Borlaug and his associates and adopted by a number of countries. These high yielding variety of seeds required proper irrigation facilities and extensive use of fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides. This new â€Å"agricultural strategy† was put into practice for the first time in India in the kharif season of 1966 and was termed High-Yielding Varieties Program (HYVP). This program was introduced in the form of a packaged program since it depended crucially on regular and adequate irrigation, fertilizers, high-yielding varieties of seeds, pesticides and insecticides. Initially it was implemented in a total area of 1. 89 million hectares. In 1998-99, total area under HYVP was 78. 4 million hectares. This was 62. 6% of the total area under food grains (data for later years are not available). IMPACT OF GREEN REVOLUTION Throughout the period of the green revolution, population was increasing at a rate of over 2% p. a, constantly pressing on the margin of cultivation of traditional agriculture. I. Impacts on agricultural production: As a result of new agricultural strategy, food grains output increased substantially from 81. 0 million tonnes in the third Plan to 208. 3 million tonnes in 2005-06. HYVP was restricted to only five crops-wheat, rice, jowar, bajra and maize. Therefore, non-food grains were excluded from the ambit of the new strategy. The production of wheat increased from 11. 1 million tonnes in the third plan to 69. 5 million tonnes in 2005-06. The overall contribution of wheat increased from 13% in 1950-51 to 33. 4% in 2005-06. Thus, wheat has remained the mainstay of the green revolution over the years. The average annual production of rice rose from 35. 1million tonnes in the third plan to 91. 0 million tonnes in 2005-06. The production of course cereals-jowar, bajra and maize-continues to remain static or has moved very slowly upwards. As far as pulses are concerned, their production was 11. 7 million tonnes in second plan, which rose to 13. 1 million tonnes in 2005-06. But even this is less than the requirement of pulses in India estimated at 17 million tonnes. The bulk of vegetable oil production in India is derived from nine cultivated oilseeds, namely, groundnut, mustard, sesame, safflower, nigerseed, soyabean, sunflower-forming the edible group-and linseed and castorseed forming the inedible group. The total production of oilseeds averaged 8. 3 million tonnes in the fourth plan and 11. 4 million tonnes in the sixth plan. To achieve self-sufficiency in edible oils, the govt. launched a series of measures towards the end of the sixth plan and the seventh plan. As a result of these, the average annual production of oilseeds rose from 11. 4 million tonnes in the sixth plan to 24. 7 million tonnes in 1998-99. This is also termed as the â€Å"yellow revolution†. II. Economic impacts of the green revolution i. Crop areas under HYV seeds needed more water, fertilizers, pesticides and certain other chemicals. This spurred the growth of the local manufacturing sector. Such industrial growth created new jobs and contributed to the country’s GDP. ii. The increase in irrigation created a need for new dams to harness monsoon water. The water stored was used to create hydro-electric power. This in turn boosted industrial growth and improved the quality of life of the villagers. iii. India paid back all the loans it had taken from the World Bank and all its affiliates for the purpose of green revolution. This improved India’s credit worthiness in the eyes of the lending agencies. III. Impact on labor absorption The adoption of new technology has reduced labor absorption in agriculture. In a large number of states, especially in those regions where there was abundant availability of labor, the growth of output was too slow to generate adequate employment opportunities. In high growth rate regions, labor was not plentiful and wage rate was high. The sudden rise in demand for labor in these areas induced mechanization and labor saving practices in general. Also, the HYVP is basically a land saving technology. By increasing the yield per acre, the new technology makes it possible to increase food production out of a given amount of land. This tends to increase the demand for labor. On the other hand, mechanized processes tend to reduce the demand for labor. In addition, the very dynamic possibility of increasing yields may itself encourage mechanization and in turn decreases the employment of labor. In recent years, a significant development in the pattern of rural labor absorption has been a shift away from crop production and into rural non-farm activities like agro-processing industries and other rural industries. IV. Political impacts of the green revolution India transformed itself from a starving nation to an exporter of food. This earned admiration for India in the committee of nations, especially in the third world. The green revolution was one factor that made Mrs. Indira Gandhi (1917-1984) and her party, the Indian National Congress, very powerful political force in India. [BOX: HIMACHAL PRADESH TOPS AGAIN IN IMPLEMENTATION OF 20 POINT PROGRAMMNE 17th July 2009 :Himachal Pradesh has done it once again. Yes, it has maintained the first position in the implementation of Twenty-Point Programme amongst all the States in the Country by attaining 92 percent achievement up to February during the financial year 2008-09, the last but one month of the financial year. This achievement is two percent more than the Gujarat, four percent Uttrakhand and five percent Andhra Pradesh the four top States that had been ranked in the implementation of this programme. The main thrust of the Twenty Point Programme is poverty alleviation, employment generation housing, education, family welfare & health, protection of environment and other schemes having a bearing on the quality of life, especially in rural areas. Under Employment Generation Programme, 8, 17,364 job cards have been issued in the State during the period thereby generating employment of 1. 54 crore man days by giving wages worth Rs. 171 crore . Under Individual Swaranjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna percent achievement of the State had been 517 as 8619 individual swarojgars have been assisted against a target of 1886 fixed for the year. Karnataka follows Himachal Pradesh in it whose percent achievements are 470. This speaks about tremendous performance of the State. Under Swaranjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna the achievement of the State is 318 percent. As many as 3486 individual ST Swarojgaries and 5612 individual women swarojgaries have been assisted from April, 2008 to February 2009 under this scheme. ] AGRICULTURAL FINANCE AND MARKETING Agriculture is an unorganized profession. Its success and failure depends, o a large extent, on climatic factors. Further, it’s not always possible to distinguish between productive and unproductive loans of the farmers. Because of these factors, banks did not show much interest in advancing loans to agriculture and allied activities for a long time and farmers were forced to depend on money-lenders and mahajans. NEED FOR AGRICULTURAL FINANCE Credit needs of the farmers can be examined from two different angles: i) On the basis of time : Agricultural credit needs of the farmers can be further classified into three categories:- a. Short term loans are required for the purchase of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, feeds and fodder of livestock, etc. the period of such loans is less than 15 months. Main agencies of granting of short term loans are the moneylenders and co-operative societies. b. Medium term loans are generally obtained for the purchase of cattle, small agricultural implements; repair and construction of wells, etc. the period of such loans extend from 15 months to 5 years. These loans are generally provided by moneylenders, relative of farmers, co-operative societies and commercial banks. c. Long term loans are required for effecting permanent improvements on land; repayment of old wells, etc. The period of such loans extends beyond 5 years. Such loans are normally taken from Primary Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Banks (PCARDBs). ii) On the basis of purpose : Agricultural needs of the farmers can be further classified into the following categories: a. Under productive needs we can include all credit requirements which directly affect agricultural productivity. b. Farmers often require loans for consumption as well. Most of the farmers do not have sufficient income to sustain themselves. Therefore they have to take loans for meeting their consumption needs. Institutional credit agencies do not provide loans for consumption purposes. Accordingly, farmers are forced to fall back upon moneylenders. c. In addition to consumption, farmers also require loans for a multiplicity of other unproductive purposes. Since institutional agencies do not grant credit for such unproductive purposes, farmers have to seek assistance from moneylenders and mahajans. SOURCES OF AGRICULTURAL FINANCE AND THEIR RELATIVE IMPORTANCE Sources of agricultural finance can be divided into two categories: 1. Non-institutional sources 2. Institutional sources The non-institutional sources are the following- * Moneylenders * Relatives * Traders * Commission agents * Landlords The institutional sources comprise the Co-operatives, Scheduled Commercial Banks and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs). As far as co-operatives are concerned, the Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACSs) provide mainly short and medium term goals and PCARDBs long term loans to agriculture. The Commercial Banks, including RRBs provide both short and medium term loans for agriculture and allied activities. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is the apex institution at the national level for agricultural credit and provides refinance assistance tot eh agencies mentioned above. The Reserve Bank of India, as the central bank of the country, plays a crucial role in this sphere by giving overall direction to rural credit and financial support to NABARD for its operations. The first institution established and promoted was the institution of co-operative credit societies. By the end of 1976, there emerged three separate institutions for providing rural credit, which is often described, as the multi-agency approach. In 1982, NABARD was set up. India now has a wide network of rural finance institutions (RFIs). There are more than 30,000 commercial bank branches, 14,000 regional rural banks and about 1,00,000 rural credit co-operatives. As a result of the efforts undertaken by the govt., the share of non-institutional sources in rural credit, which was as high as 92. 7% in 1951, fell to 38. 9% in 2002. The share of moneylenders fell from 71. 6% in 1951 to 26. 8% in 2002. The share of institutional sources in rural credit rose correspondingly from 7. 3% in 1951 to 61. 1% in 2002. NATIONAL BANK FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT (NABARD) The most important development in the field of rural credit has been the setting up of the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) in July 1982. It took over from Reserve Bank of India all the functions that the layer performed in the field of rural credit. NABARD is now the apex bank for rural credit. And therefore, it doesn’t deal directly with farmers and other rural people. It grants assistance to them through the co-operative banks, commercial banks, RRBs, etc. NABARD’s credit to State Co-operative banks, State Governments and RRBs outstanding in 2004-05 was Rs. 8,577 crore which rose to Rs. 12,763 crore in 2005-06.

the evaluation on smoking tobacco Essays

the evaluation on smoking tobacco Essays the evaluation on smoking tobacco Essay the evaluation on smoking tobacco Essay The evaluation of smoking As of 2008, there were 46 million adult smokers in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). That means 20. 6 percent of people over 18 expose themselves to the disadvantages of smoking cigarettes (Livestrong. com). Smoking usually begins at a young age and progresses through the years. Research says adolescents begin to smoke because it makes them look cool. Peer pressure is a major factor in the question, why do adolescents begin to smoke. Smoking also ppeals to young adults because most parents wont allow smoking, therefore, it becomes an adventure, or experiment. Before an adolescent realizes how dangerous smoking really is, they become addicted and become another CDC statistic. Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body, causes many diseases, and reduces the health of smokers in general. As I am sure most are aware, smoking is a huge health risk. If youre not a smoker being around a smoker is almost unbearable. Smokers have a distinct overpowering smell. Weather you smoke or are around a smoker you cannot escape the smell. The smell locks to your clothing and is hard to get rid of, and nearly impossible to mask. Not only is the smell disgusting, it is also embarrassing. Having parents that smoke I know the embarrassment from experience, youre suddenly the stinky kid in class and no one wants to be the stinky kid. Not only does the smell bother a nonsmoker, but second hand smoke is Just as dangerous as lighting a cigarette up yourself. WebMD states, When you breathe in smoke that comes from he end of a lit cigarette, cigar, or pipe (side stream smoke) or that is exhaled by a smoker (mainstream smoke), youre inhaling almost the same amount of chemicals as the smoker breathes in (WeMD. om). Not only are smokers putting themselves at risk, but they put everyone around them at the same risks they are exposing themselves to. IVe always had the conception that smokers dont care about anyone but themselves. Not only do smokers not care that they are exposing themselves to many health risks, but they are putting the people around them at the exact same risks. There is an endless amount of health risk s to smokers, most of which can be deadly. The national cancer institute claims there are 50 known cancer-causing agents in tobacco smoke. Ehow health states, Smoking is the leading cause of cancer and cancer-related deaths, and it has been linked to stomach, throat, mouth, kidney, bladder, blood and lung cancer (Ehow. com). Along with cancers, the tar and nicotine in tobacco causes yellowing of the teeth, cavities, tooth loss, and leaves you with an unpleasant smile. Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body, causes many iseases, and reduces the health of smokers in general. Smoking is close to my heart because I have grown up with it my entire life. I hate smoking; to me there are no advantages to it. Some experts say that smoking decreases the risk of obesity, causes to tobacco use, the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. To me cancer, cardiovascular disease, odor, and dental problems hugely outweigh the very few advantages. Im not a smoker, and never will be so I will never truly understand why tobacco smokers put not only their health at risk, but others around them.

History of Automatic Teller Machines or ATM

History of Automatic Teller Machines or ATM An automatic teller machine or ATM allows a bank customer to conduct their banking transactions from almost every other ATM machine in the world. As is often the case with inventions, many inventors contribute to the history of an invention, as is the case with the ATM. Keep reading to learn about the many inventors behind the automatic teller machine or ATM. Hole in the Wall Luther Simjian came up with the idea of creating a hole-in-the-wall machine that would allow customers to make financial transactions. In 1939, Luther Simjian applied for 20 patents related to his ATM invention and field tested his ATM machine in what is now Citicorp. After six months, the bank reported that there was little demand for the new invention and discontinued its use. Modern Prototypes Some experts have the opinion that James Goodfellow of Scotland holds the earliest patent date of 1966 for a modern ATM, and John D White (also of Docutel) in the US is often credited with inventing the first free-standing ATM design. In 1967, John Shepherd-Barron invented and installed an ATM in a Barclays Bank in London. Don Wetzel invented an American made ATM in 1968. However, it wasnt until the mid to late 1980s that ATMs became part of mainstream banking. Luther Simjian Luther Simjian is best known for his invention of the Bankmatic automatic teller machine or ATM. Born in Turkey on January 28, 1905, he studied medicine at school but had a life-long passion for photography. Simjians first big commercial invention was a self-posing and self-focusing portrait camera. The subject was able to look a mirror and see what the camera was seeing before the picture was taken. Simjian also invented a flight speed indicator for airplanes, an automatic postage metering machine, a colored x-ray machine, and a teleprompter. Combining his knowledge of medicine and photography, he invented a way to project images from microscopes and methods of photographing specimens under water. He moved to New York in 1934 started his own company called Reflectone to further develop his inventions. John  Shepherd Barron According to BBC News, the worlds first ATM was installed in a branch of Barclays in Enfield, North London. John  Shepherd Barron, who worked for the printing firm De La Rue was the chief inventor. In a Barclays press release, the bank stated that comedy actor Reg Varney, star of TV sitcom On the Buses, became the first person in the country to use a cash machine at Barclays Enfield on June  27, 1967. The ATMs were at that time called DACS for De La Rue Automatic Cash System. John  Shepherd Barron  was the managing director of De La Rue Instruments, the company which made the first ATMs. At that time plastic ATM cards did not exist. John Shepherd Barrons ATM machine took checks that were impregnated with carbon 14, a slightly radioactive substance. The ATM machine would detect the carbon 14 mark and match it against a personal identification number (PIN). The idea of a PIN was thought up by John  Shepherd Barron  and refined by his wife Caroline, who changed John’s six-digit number to four as it was easier to remember. John  Shepherd Barron  never patented his ATM invention instead he decided to try to keep his technology a trade secret. John  Shepherd Barron  stated that after consulting with Barclays lawyers, we were advised that applying for a patent would have involved disclosing the coding system, which in turn would have enabled criminals to work the code out. In 1967, a bankers conference was held in Miami with 2,000 members in attendance. John  Shepherd Barron  had just installed the first ATMs in  England and was invited to talk at the conference. As a result, the first American order for a John  Shepherd Barron  ATM was placed. Six ATMs were installed at the First Pennsylvania Bank in Philadelphia.   Don Wetzel Don Wetzel was the co-patentee and chief conceptualist of an automated teller machine, an idea he said he thought of while waiting in line at a Dallas bank. At the time (1968) Don Wetzel was the Vice President of Product Planning at Docutel, the company that developed automated baggage-handling equipment. The other two inventors listed on the Don Wetzel patent were Tom Barnes, the chief mechanical  engineer  and George Chastain, the electrical engineer. It took five million dollars to develop the ATM. The concept first began in 1968,  a working prototype  came about in 1969 and Docutel  was issued  a patent in 1973. The first Don Wetzel ATM was installed in a New  York-based  Chemical Bank. Note: There are different claims to which bank had the first Don Wetzel ATM, I have used Don Wetzels own reference. Don Wetzel on the first ATM installed at the Rockville Center, New York Chemical Bank from  a NMAH  interview: No, it wasnt in a lobby, it was actually in the wall of the bank, out on the street. They put a canopy over it to protect it from the rain and the weather of all sorts.  Unfortunately, they put the canopy too high and the rain came under it. One time we had water in the machine and we had to do some extensive repairs. It was a walkup on the outside of the bank. That was the first one. And it was a cash dispenser only, not a full ATM... We had a cash dispenser, and then the next version was going to be the total teller (created in 1971), which is the ATM we all know today takes deposits, transfers money from checking to savings, savings to checking, cash advances to your  credit card, takes payments; things like that. So they didnt want just a cash dispenser alone. ATM Cards The first ATMs were  off-line  machines, meaning money was not automatically withdrawn from an account, as bank accounts were not then connected by a computer network to the ATM. Banks were at first very exclusive about who they gave ATM privileges to. Giving them only to  credit card  holders with good banking records. Don Wetzel, Tom  Barnes, and George Chastain developed the first ATM cards to have a magnetic strip and a personal ID number to get cash. ATM cards had to be different from  credit cards  (then without magnetic strips) so account information could be included.

Theory Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theory Testing - Essay Example The basic principles in comfort theory are offering a holistic approach to nursing. This is achieved through supporting clinical decision made by health officials. Secondly, the theory defines nursing care and explains why a patient requires a specific health care basing on their health condition. The theory also elaborates the importance of family members and patient when participating in the nursing process for effective recovery of the patient (Walker, 2011). Comfort Theory Kolcaba described nursing as a process of determining a patient needs, making and implementing effective nursing interventions and assessing a patient comfort after nursing interventions. Evaluating may be through objective such as observing a wound as it heals or subjective which involves asking patient questions in order to understand if they are comfortable. Kolcaba also developed a theory to be used by nurses when caring for patients (Cook, 2008). This is a nursing theory developed by Katharine Kolcaba in 1 990s. Kolcaba broke down the theory into three forms. Ease: This involves placing patients in a comfortable state for them to feel relaxed. It involves solving issues that could cause stress or anxiety to a patient. Second is relief which is achieved through alleviating any pain that a patient may be experiencing. Comforting a patient through alleviating any physical injury on them that causes pain is an example of a relief. Lastly, transcendence is a state of comfort in which clients are able to overcome their challenges and recover their original form (Cook, 2008). Theory Testing Procedure Theory Testing Procedure involves qualitative analysis of comfort theory through critical thinking and assessing available data. The procedure involves exploring the richness, the depth and complexity involved in comfort theory. It is concerned with analyzing words, concept and impacts rather than the total number of patient under the given program. The procedures entail collecting information u sing relevant structures such as charts and maps and work out the procedure used in nursing. It also entails evaluating systems to determine whether they are effective enough in relieving, easing and transcendence a patient condition (Sitzman, 2011). The first step involves identifying a patient needs and investigating whether they are addressed. The second step is investigating the nursing interventions applied in comforting process. This is followed up by analyzing any extra measure taken to ensure the well being of a patient or enhance their comfort beyond their current conditions. Theory Testing Procedure should evaluate the methods used in identifying health seeking behaviors. These behaviors could be internal. In such case a patient has a health condition that could not be observed from outside. The second behavior could be external. This condition involves observable characteristics such as bleeding wound. The last step is analyzing the policies, practices and standards set i n comfort theory. These policies and practices should match a patient’s condition (Barry, 2005). Uses of Theory-Testing Outcomes The procedure is used to establish a patient comfort needs that have not been catered for by existing interventions or support systems. Nurses then design new interventions to handle unattended needs. The new intervention procedures are then taken into account to facilitate analysis in order to come up with immediate measures to enhance a patient comfort, and

Hebrew Bible Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hebrew Bible - Essay Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the chapters 5 to 12 of the Hebrew Bible are mainly concerned with the record of miraculous happenings that result because of the pharaoh time and again not keeping his promise to Moses to grant them the freedom to pray to Jehovah in the wilderness. It is his pride and unbelief that leads to the occurrence of the ten plagues that visit the Egyptians one after the other and culminate in the death of the firstborn among the Egyptians but still the pharaoh is unrepentant and according to Jehovah is destined to the destruction of his people and himself. His wise men and sorcerers enact the miracles that are performed by Moses but even they are fully convinced that they are not dealing with some odd magician, but instead some supernatural power at work on behalf of Moses. They are convinced that the power or force that backs Moses is beyond them, and they stand no chance but the pharaoh’s heart and mind by the know ledge of the Lord God are hardened against the truth and the righteous. Faith, especially in the Hebraic and the Islamic tradition, is pure and simple blind belief in Jehovah and Allah, so either you possess it or you do not there are no two opinions about it. But for the sake of the unbeliever Jehovah manifests himself through the miracles to open up the eyes of the unbeliever but all to no avail as far as the pharaoh is concerned. The Twelfth chapter is concerned about the feast of Passover and how to avoid the wrath of Jehovah. Historical Background: It has been a topic of heated debate that the account of Bible is historically accurate. This is the traditional view. The opposing view is that the text is not historically correct, not because Bible is a holy book but exactly for that fact because Bible is a religious testament, concerned more with leading the men to good and righteousness and abstain from evil. The historical background is that for four hundred and thirty years th e Israelites were oppressed and kept in utter bondage. The miraculous events that take place, though cannot be verified what can be easily sifted through the annals of another historical record that have been recovered, discovered and unearthed by the researchers. A very important testament, that verifies the miraculous happenings recorded in the Hebrew Bible, of an age and time, specifically of Exodus is (revealed word of Allah), that is the Holy Quran. The story narrated in the Hebrew Bible and the Holy Quran agrees most of the important instances. The whole Surah Al-Baqarah (this title literary translated into English as â€Å"The Cow†), the longest chapter of the â€Å"Holy Quran†, accurately records the history and the travails of â€Å"Bani-Israel† (the Israelites) including the events mentioned in Exodus. It is mentioned on many occasions in the Holy Quran that the Israelites are the most beloved people of Lord God or more accurately Allah. According to à ¢â‚¬Å"Historiography and Self-definition: Josephus, Luke-Acts and Apologetic Historiography†, an authoritative book on the Exodus considers and proves it as â€Å"general history† as opposed to a monograph or antiquarian history.